Multiple layers of complexity in cis-regulatory regions of developmental genes
Genomes contain the necessary information to ensure that genes are expressed in the right place, at the right time, and with the proper rate. Metazoan developmental genes often possess long stretches of DNA flanking their coding sequences and/or large introns which contain elements that influence ge...
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paper:paper_10588388_v241_n12_p1857_Frankel2023-06-08T16:03:23Z Multiple layers of complexity in cis-regulatory regions of developmental genes Frankel, Nicolás Chromatin conformation Cis-regulatory elements Cis-regulatory regions Developmental genes Regulatory-element interaction Shadow enhancers DNA article chromatin cis regulatory region conformational transition developmental gene DNA methylation Drosophila melanogaster embryo embryo development epigenetics gene control gene locus nonhuman priority journal regulatory sequence Animals Animals, Genetically Modified Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly Enhancer Elements, Genetic Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental Humans Animalia Metazoa Genomes contain the necessary information to ensure that genes are expressed in the right place, at the right time, and with the proper rate. Metazoan developmental genes often possess long stretches of DNA flanking their coding sequences and/or large introns which contain elements that influence gene expression. Most of these regulatory elements are relatively small and can be studied in isolation. For example, transcriptional enhancers, the elements that generate the expression pattern of a gene, have been traditionally studied with reporter constructs in transgenic animals. These studies have provided and will provide invaluable insights into enhancer evolution and function. However, this experimental approach has its limits; often, enhancer elements do not faithfully recapitulate native expression patterns. This fact suggests that additional information in cis-regulatory regions modulates the activity of enhancers and other regulatory elements. Indeed, recent studies have revealed novel functional aspects at the level of whole cis-regulatory regions. First, the discovery of "shadow enhancers." Second, the ubiquitous interactions between cis-regulatory elements. Third, the notion that some cis-regulatory regions may not function in a modular manner. Last, the effect of chromatin conformation on cis-regulatory activity. In this article, I describe these recent findings and discuss open questions in the field. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Fil:Frankel, N. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. 2012 https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_10588388_v241_n12_p1857_Frankel http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/paper_10588388_v241_n12_p1857_Frankel |
| institution |
Universidad de Buenos Aires |
| institution_str |
I-28 |
| repository_str |
R-134 |
| collection |
Biblioteca Digital - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (UBA) |
| topic |
Chromatin conformation Cis-regulatory elements Cis-regulatory regions Developmental genes Regulatory-element interaction Shadow enhancers DNA article chromatin cis regulatory region conformational transition developmental gene DNA methylation Drosophila melanogaster embryo embryo development epigenetics gene control gene locus nonhuman priority journal regulatory sequence Animals Animals, Genetically Modified Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly Enhancer Elements, Genetic Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental Humans Animalia Metazoa |
| spellingShingle |
Chromatin conformation Cis-regulatory elements Cis-regulatory regions Developmental genes Regulatory-element interaction Shadow enhancers DNA article chromatin cis regulatory region conformational transition developmental gene DNA methylation Drosophila melanogaster embryo embryo development epigenetics gene control gene locus nonhuman priority journal regulatory sequence Animals Animals, Genetically Modified Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly Enhancer Elements, Genetic Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental Humans Animalia Metazoa Frankel, Nicolás Multiple layers of complexity in cis-regulatory regions of developmental genes |
| topic_facet |
Chromatin conformation Cis-regulatory elements Cis-regulatory regions Developmental genes Regulatory-element interaction Shadow enhancers DNA article chromatin cis regulatory region conformational transition developmental gene DNA methylation Drosophila melanogaster embryo embryo development epigenetics gene control gene locus nonhuman priority journal regulatory sequence Animals Animals, Genetically Modified Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly Enhancer Elements, Genetic Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental Humans Animalia Metazoa |
| description |
Genomes contain the necessary information to ensure that genes are expressed in the right place, at the right time, and with the proper rate. Metazoan developmental genes often possess long stretches of DNA flanking their coding sequences and/or large introns which contain elements that influence gene expression. Most of these regulatory elements are relatively small and can be studied in isolation. For example, transcriptional enhancers, the elements that generate the expression pattern of a gene, have been traditionally studied with reporter constructs in transgenic animals. These studies have provided and will provide invaluable insights into enhancer evolution and function. However, this experimental approach has its limits; often, enhancer elements do not faithfully recapitulate native expression patterns. This fact suggests that additional information in cis-regulatory regions modulates the activity of enhancers and other regulatory elements. Indeed, recent studies have revealed novel functional aspects at the level of whole cis-regulatory regions. First, the discovery of "shadow enhancers." Second, the ubiquitous interactions between cis-regulatory elements. Third, the notion that some cis-regulatory regions may not function in a modular manner. Last, the effect of chromatin conformation on cis-regulatory activity. In this article, I describe these recent findings and discuss open questions in the field. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. |
| author |
Frankel, Nicolás |
| author_facet |
Frankel, Nicolás |
| author_sort |
Frankel, Nicolás |
| title |
Multiple layers of complexity in cis-regulatory regions of developmental genes |
| title_short |
Multiple layers of complexity in cis-regulatory regions of developmental genes |
| title_full |
Multiple layers of complexity in cis-regulatory regions of developmental genes |
| title_fullStr |
Multiple layers of complexity in cis-regulatory regions of developmental genes |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Multiple layers of complexity in cis-regulatory regions of developmental genes |
| title_sort |
multiple layers of complexity in cis-regulatory regions of developmental genes |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_10588388_v241_n12_p1857_Frankel http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/paper_10588388_v241_n12_p1857_Frankel |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT frankelnicolas multiplelayersofcomplexityincisregulatoryregionsofdevelopmentalgenes |
| _version_ |
1768541572109959168 |