Exaptation of transposable elements into novel Cis-regulatory elements: Is the evidence always strong?
Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic sequences that can jump around the genome from one location to another, behaving as genomic parasites. TEs have been particularly effective in colonizing mammalian genomes, and such heavy TE load is expected to have conditioned genome evolution. Indeed,...
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| Acceso en línea: | https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_07374038_v30_n6_p1239_DeSouza http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/paper_07374038_v30_n6_p1239_DeSouza |
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paper:paper_07374038_v30_n6_p1239_DeSouza2023-06-08T15:44:22Z Exaptation of transposable elements into novel Cis-regulatory elements: Is the evidence always strong? Rubinstein, Marcelo enhancer exaptation gene expression mobile element cis acting element transcription factor binding site enhancer region gene expression gene insertion genetic transcription promoter region regulatory sequence review transposon enhancer exaptation gene expression mobile element Animals Cell Line DNA Transposable Elements Embryo, Mammalian Enhancer Elements, Genetic Gene Expression Regulation Humans Mice Phylogeny Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic sequences that can jump around the genome from one location to another, behaving as genomic parasites. TEs have been particularly effective in colonizing mammalian genomes, and such heavy TE load is expected to have conditioned genome evolution. Indeed, studies conducted both at the gene and genome levels have uncovered TE insertions that seem to have been co-opted - or exapted - by providing transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) that serve as promoters and enhancers, leading to the hypothesis that TE exaptation is a major factor in the evolution of gene regulation. Here, we critically review the evidence for exaptation of TE-derived sequences as TFBSs, promoters, enhancers, and silencers/insulators both at the gene and genome levels. We classify the functional impact attributed to TE insertions into four categories of increasing complexity and argue that so far very few studies have conclusively demonstrated exaptation of TEs as transcriptional regulatory regions. We also contend that many genome-wide studies dealing with TE exaptation in recent lineages of mammals are still inconclusive and that the hypothesis of rapid transcriptional regulatory rewiring mediated by TE mobilization must be taken with caution. Finally, we suggest experimental approaches that may help attributing higher-order functions to candidate exapted TEs. © The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. Fil:Rubinstein, M. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. 2013 https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_07374038_v30_n6_p1239_DeSouza http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/paper_07374038_v30_n6_p1239_DeSouza |
| institution |
Universidad de Buenos Aires |
| institution_str |
I-28 |
| repository_str |
R-134 |
| collection |
Biblioteca Digital - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (UBA) |
| topic |
enhancer exaptation gene expression mobile element cis acting element transcription factor binding site enhancer region gene expression gene insertion genetic transcription promoter region regulatory sequence review transposon enhancer exaptation gene expression mobile element Animals Cell Line DNA Transposable Elements Embryo, Mammalian Enhancer Elements, Genetic Gene Expression Regulation Humans Mice Phylogeny Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid |
| spellingShingle |
enhancer exaptation gene expression mobile element cis acting element transcription factor binding site enhancer region gene expression gene insertion genetic transcription promoter region regulatory sequence review transposon enhancer exaptation gene expression mobile element Animals Cell Line DNA Transposable Elements Embryo, Mammalian Enhancer Elements, Genetic Gene Expression Regulation Humans Mice Phylogeny Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid Rubinstein, Marcelo Exaptation of transposable elements into novel Cis-regulatory elements: Is the evidence always strong? |
| topic_facet |
enhancer exaptation gene expression mobile element cis acting element transcription factor binding site enhancer region gene expression gene insertion genetic transcription promoter region regulatory sequence review transposon enhancer exaptation gene expression mobile element Animals Cell Line DNA Transposable Elements Embryo, Mammalian Enhancer Elements, Genetic Gene Expression Regulation Humans Mice Phylogeny Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid |
| description |
Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic sequences that can jump around the genome from one location to another, behaving as genomic parasites. TEs have been particularly effective in colonizing mammalian genomes, and such heavy TE load is expected to have conditioned genome evolution. Indeed, studies conducted both at the gene and genome levels have uncovered TE insertions that seem to have been co-opted - or exapted - by providing transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) that serve as promoters and enhancers, leading to the hypothesis that TE exaptation is a major factor in the evolution of gene regulation. Here, we critically review the evidence for exaptation of TE-derived sequences as TFBSs, promoters, enhancers, and silencers/insulators both at the gene and genome levels. We classify the functional impact attributed to TE insertions into four categories of increasing complexity and argue that so far very few studies have conclusively demonstrated exaptation of TEs as transcriptional regulatory regions. We also contend that many genome-wide studies dealing with TE exaptation in recent lineages of mammals are still inconclusive and that the hypothesis of rapid transcriptional regulatory rewiring mediated by TE mobilization must be taken with caution. Finally, we suggest experimental approaches that may help attributing higher-order functions to candidate exapted TEs. © The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. |
| author |
Rubinstein, Marcelo |
| author_facet |
Rubinstein, Marcelo |
| author_sort |
Rubinstein, Marcelo |
| title |
Exaptation of transposable elements into novel Cis-regulatory elements: Is the evidence always strong? |
| title_short |
Exaptation of transposable elements into novel Cis-regulatory elements: Is the evidence always strong? |
| title_full |
Exaptation of transposable elements into novel Cis-regulatory elements: Is the evidence always strong? |
| title_fullStr |
Exaptation of transposable elements into novel Cis-regulatory elements: Is the evidence always strong? |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Exaptation of transposable elements into novel Cis-regulatory elements: Is the evidence always strong? |
| title_sort |
exaptation of transposable elements into novel cis-regulatory elements: is the evidence always strong? |
| publishDate |
2013 |
| url |
https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_07374038_v30_n6_p1239_DeSouza http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/paper_07374038_v30_n6_p1239_DeSouza |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT rubinsteinmarcelo exaptationoftransposableelementsintonovelcisregulatoryelementsistheevidencealwaysstrong |
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