Multiple layers of complexity in cis-regulatory regions of developmental genes

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Genomes contain the necessary information to ensure that genes are expressed in the right place, at the right time, and with the proper rate. Metazoan developmental genes often possess long stretches of DNA flanking their coding sequences and/or large introns which contain elements that influence ge...

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Autor principal:	Frankel, N.
Formato:	Artículo publishedVersion
Publicado:	2012
Materias:	Chromatin conformation Cis-regulatory elements Cis-regulatory regions Developmental genes Regulatory-element interaction Shadow enhancers DNA article chromatin cis regulatory region conformational transition developmental gene DNA methylation Drosophila melanogaster embryo embryo development epigenetics gene control gene locus nonhuman priority journal regulatory sequence Animals Animals, Genetically Modified Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly Enhancer Elements, Genetic Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental Humans Animalia Metazoa
Acceso en línea:	http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/paper_10588388_v241_n12_p1857_Frankel http://repositoriouba.sisbi.uba.ar/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.cgi?a=d&c=artiaex&d=paper_10588388_v241_n12_p1857_Frankel_oai
Aporte de:	Repositorio Digital de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) de Universidad de Buenos Aires

id	I28-R145-paper_10588388_v241_n12_p1857_Frankel_oai
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spelling	I28-R145-paper_10588388_v241_n12_p1857_Frankel_oai2020-10-19 Frankel, N. 2012 Genomes contain the necessary information to ensure that genes are expressed in the right place, at the right time, and with the proper rate. Metazoan developmental genes often possess long stretches of DNA flanking their coding sequences and/or large introns which contain elements that influence gene expression. Most of these regulatory elements are relatively small and can be studied in isolation. For example, transcriptional enhancers, the elements that generate the expression pattern of a gene, have been traditionally studied with reporter constructs in transgenic animals. These studies have provided and will provide invaluable insights into enhancer evolution and function. However, this experimental approach has its limits; often, enhancer elements do not faithfully recapitulate native expression patterns. This fact suggests that additional information in cis-regulatory regions modulates the activity of enhancers and other regulatory elements. Indeed, recent studies have revealed novel functional aspects at the level of whole cis-regulatory regions. First, the discovery of "shadow enhancers." Second, the ubiquitous interactions between cis-regulatory elements. Third, the notion that some cis-regulatory regions may not function in a modular manner. Last, the effect of chromatin conformation on cis-regulatory activity. In this article, I describe these recent findings and discuss open questions in the field. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Fil:Frankel, N. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. application/pdf http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/paper_10588388_v241_n12_p1857_Frankel info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ar Dev. Dyn. 2012;241(12):1857-1866 Chromatin conformation Cis-regulatory elements Cis-regulatory regions Developmental genes Regulatory-element interaction Shadow enhancers DNA article chromatin cis regulatory region conformational transition developmental gene DNA methylation Drosophila melanogaster embryo embryo development epigenetics gene control gene locus nonhuman priority journal regulatory sequence Animals Animals, Genetically Modified Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly Enhancer Elements, Genetic Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental Humans Animalia Metazoa Multiple layers of complexity in cis-regulatory regions of developmental genes info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:ar-repo/semantics/artículo info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://repositoriouba.sisbi.uba.ar/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.cgi?a=d&c=artiaex&d=paper_10588388_v241_n12_p1857_Frankel_oai
institution	Universidad de Buenos Aires
institution_str	I-28
repository_str	R-145
collection	Repositorio Digital de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)
topic	Chromatin conformation Cis-regulatory elements Cis-regulatory regions Developmental genes Regulatory-element interaction Shadow enhancers DNA article chromatin cis regulatory region conformational transition developmental gene DNA methylation Drosophila melanogaster embryo embryo development epigenetics gene control gene locus nonhuman priority journal regulatory sequence Animals Animals, Genetically Modified Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly Enhancer Elements, Genetic Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental Humans Animalia Metazoa
spellingShingle	Chromatin conformation Cis-regulatory elements Cis-regulatory regions Developmental genes Regulatory-element interaction Shadow enhancers DNA article chromatin cis regulatory region conformational transition developmental gene DNA methylation Drosophila melanogaster embryo embryo development epigenetics gene control gene locus nonhuman priority journal regulatory sequence Animals Animals, Genetically Modified Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly Enhancer Elements, Genetic Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental Humans Animalia Metazoa Frankel, N. Multiple layers of complexity in cis-regulatory regions of developmental genes
topic_facet	Chromatin conformation Cis-regulatory elements Cis-regulatory regions Developmental genes Regulatory-element interaction Shadow enhancers DNA article chromatin cis regulatory region conformational transition developmental gene DNA methylation Drosophila melanogaster embryo embryo development epigenetics gene control gene locus nonhuman priority journal regulatory sequence Animals Animals, Genetically Modified Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly Enhancer Elements, Genetic Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental Humans Animalia Metazoa
description	Genomes contain the necessary information to ensure that genes are expressed in the right place, at the right time, and with the proper rate. Metazoan developmental genes often possess long stretches of DNA flanking their coding sequences and/or large introns which contain elements that influence gene expression. Most of these regulatory elements are relatively small and can be studied in isolation. For example, transcriptional enhancers, the elements that generate the expression pattern of a gene, have been traditionally studied with reporter constructs in transgenic animals. These studies have provided and will provide invaluable insights into enhancer evolution and function. However, this experimental approach has its limits; often, enhancer elements do not faithfully recapitulate native expression patterns. This fact suggests that additional information in cis-regulatory regions modulates the activity of enhancers and other regulatory elements. Indeed, recent studies have revealed novel functional aspects at the level of whole cis-regulatory regions. First, the discovery of "shadow enhancers." Second, the ubiquitous interactions between cis-regulatory elements. Third, the notion that some cis-regulatory regions may not function in a modular manner. Last, the effect of chromatin conformation on cis-regulatory activity. In this article, I describe these recent findings and discuss open questions in the field. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
format	Artículo Artículo publishedVersion
author	Frankel, N.
author_facet	Frankel, N.
author_sort	Frankel, N.
title	Multiple layers of complexity in cis-regulatory regions of developmental genes
title_short	Multiple layers of complexity in cis-regulatory regions of developmental genes
title_full	Multiple layers of complexity in cis-regulatory regions of developmental genes
title_fullStr	Multiple layers of complexity in cis-regulatory regions of developmental genes
title_full_unstemmed	Multiple layers of complexity in cis-regulatory regions of developmental genes
title_sort	multiple layers of complexity in cis-regulatory regions of developmental genes
publishDate	2012
url	http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/paper_10588388_v241_n12_p1857_Frankel http://repositoriouba.sisbi.uba.ar/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.cgi?a=d&c=artiaex&d=paper_10588388_v241_n12_p1857_Frankel_oai
work_keys_str_mv	AT frankeln multiplelayersofcomplexityincisregulatoryregionsofdevelopmentalgenes
_version_	1766026733416349696

Multiple layers of complexity in cis-regulatory regions of developmental genes

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