Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries

Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can enter the natural environment during manufacture, use and/or disposal, and consequently public concern about their potential adverse impacts in the environment is growing. Despite the bulk of the human population living in Asia and Africa (mostly in low-...

Descripción completa

Guardado en:
Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Kookana, R.S., Williams, M., Boxall, A.B.A., Larsson, D.G.J., Gaw, S., Choi, K., Yamamoto, H., Thatikonda, S., Zhu, Y.-G., Carriquiriborde, Pedro
Formato: Articulo Revision
Lenguaje:Inglés
Publicado: 2014
Materias:
Acceso en línea:http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/84827
Aporte de:
id I19-R120-10915-84827
record_format dspace
institution Universidad Nacional de La Plata
institution_str I-19
repository_str R-120
collection SEDICI (UNLP)
language Inglés
topic Ciencias Exactas
Antibiotics
Developing countries
Ecological risks
Sewage
Wastewater
spellingShingle Ciencias Exactas
Antibiotics
Developing countries
Ecological risks
Sewage
Wastewater
Kookana, R.S.
Williams, M.
Boxall, A.B.A.
Larsson, D.G.J.
Gaw, S.
Choi, K.
Yamamoto, H.
Thatikonda, S.
Zhu, Y.-G.
Carriquiriborde, Pedro
Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries
topic_facet Ciencias Exactas
Antibiotics
Developing countries
Ecological risks
Sewage
Wastewater
description Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can enter the natural environment during manufacture, use and/or disposal, and consequently public concern about their potential adverse impacts in the environment is growing. Despite the bulk of the human population living in Asia and Africa (mostly in low- or middle-income countries), limited work relating to research, development and regulations on APIs in the environment have so far been conducted in these regions. Also, the API manufacturing sector is gradually shifting to countries with lower production costs. This paper focuses mainly on APIs for human consumption and highlights key differences between the low-, middle- and high-income countries, covering factors such as population and demographics, manufacture, prescriptions, treatment, disposal and reuse of waste and wastewater. The striking differences in populations (both human and animal), urbanization, sewer connectivity and other factors have revealed that the environmental compartments receiving the bulk of API residues differ markedly between low- and high-income countries. High sewer connectivity in developed countries allows capture and treatment of the waste stream (point-source). However, in many low- or middle-income countries, sewerage connectivity is generally low and in some areas waste is collected predominantly in septic systems. Consequently, the diffuse-source impact, such as on groundwater from leaking septic systems or on land due to disposal of raw sewage or septage, may be of greater concern. A screening level assessment of potential burdens of APIs in urban and rural environments of countries representing low- and middle-income as well as high-income has been made. Implications for ecological risks of APIs used by humans in lower income countries are discussed.
format Articulo
Revision
author Kookana, R.S.
Williams, M.
Boxall, A.B.A.
Larsson, D.G.J.
Gaw, S.
Choi, K.
Yamamoto, H.
Thatikonda, S.
Zhu, Y.-G.
Carriquiriborde, Pedro
author_facet Kookana, R.S.
Williams, M.
Boxall, A.B.A.
Larsson, D.G.J.
Gaw, S.
Choi, K.
Yamamoto, H.
Thatikonda, S.
Zhu, Y.-G.
Carriquiriborde, Pedro
author_sort Kookana, R.S.
title Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries
title_short Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries
title_full Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries
title_fullStr Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries
title_full_unstemmed Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries
title_sort potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: an examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries
publishDate 2014
url http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/84827
work_keys_str_mv AT kookanars potentialecologicalfootprintsofactivepharmaceuticalingredientsanexaminationofriskfactorsinlowmiddleandhighincomecountries
AT williamsm potentialecologicalfootprintsofactivepharmaceuticalingredientsanexaminationofriskfactorsinlowmiddleandhighincomecountries
AT boxallaba potentialecologicalfootprintsofactivepharmaceuticalingredientsanexaminationofriskfactorsinlowmiddleandhighincomecountries
AT larssondgj potentialecologicalfootprintsofactivepharmaceuticalingredientsanexaminationofriskfactorsinlowmiddleandhighincomecountries
AT gaws potentialecologicalfootprintsofactivepharmaceuticalingredientsanexaminationofriskfactorsinlowmiddleandhighincomecountries
AT choik potentialecologicalfootprintsofactivepharmaceuticalingredientsanexaminationofriskfactorsinlowmiddleandhighincomecountries
AT yamamotoh potentialecologicalfootprintsofactivepharmaceuticalingredientsanexaminationofriskfactorsinlowmiddleandhighincomecountries
AT thatikondas potentialecologicalfootprintsofactivepharmaceuticalingredientsanexaminationofriskfactorsinlowmiddleandhighincomecountries
AT zhuyg potentialecologicalfootprintsofactivepharmaceuticalingredientsanexaminationofriskfactorsinlowmiddleandhighincomecountries
AT carriquiribordepedro potentialecologicalfootprintsofactivepharmaceuticalingredientsanexaminationofriskfactorsinlowmiddleandhighincomecountries
bdutipo_str Repositorios
_version_ 1764820488622702593