Acidic pH of Commercial Energy Gels, Potential Dental Risk, and the Neutralizing Effect of Casein Phosphopeptide–Amorphous Calcium Phosphate
Energy gels are widely used by athletes to maintain performance during endurance ac tivities; however, their acidic composition may pose a risk to dental health. This study aimed to evaluate the pH of four commercial energy gels at different dilutions with artificial saliva and to assess the potenti...
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| Formato: | Artículo publishedVersion |
| Lenguaje: | Español |
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2026
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| Acceso en línea: | https://doi.org/10.3390/app16083790 https://repositorio.ucalp.edu.ar/handle/UCALP/1188 |
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I101-R404-UCALP-11882026-04-17T11:41:19Z Acidic pH of Commercial Energy Gels, Potential Dental Risk, and the Neutralizing Effect of Casein Phosphopeptide–Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Beti, María Mónica Alaniz, Lautaro Alaniz, Matías García-Sanz, Verónica Aura-Tormos, Juan Ingnacio Galancho, Ismael Bono, Andrea Paredes-Gallardo, Vanesa GELES SALIVA CONCETRACION DE IONES DE HIDROGENO CARIES DENTAL CASEINAS EROSION DENTAL http://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.14 Energy gels are widely used by athletes to maintain performance during endurance ac tivities; however, their acidic composition may pose a risk to dental health. This study aimed to evaluate the pH of four commercial energy gels at different dilutions with artificial saliva and to assess the potential neutralizing effect of casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP–ACP). An in vitro experimental design was conducted using four comercial gels (FullGas Hydrogel, ENA Energy Gel, UltraTech Gel, and Maverick Race Gel). Serial dilutions with artificial saliva (1:2, 1:5, 1:7, and 1:10) were prepared, and pH was measured using indicator strips at 0, 15, and 30 min at 37 ◦C. The effect of CPP-ACP was evaluated in the 1:2 dilution. Undiluted gels showed highly acidic pH values ranging from 2.0 to 3.0. Dilutions of 1:2 and 1:5 remained significantly more acidic than artificial saliva (p < 0.001). From 1:7 dilution onward, pH values increased and approached salivary levels (approximately 7.0), with no significant differences compared with artificial saliva. The addition of CPP-ACP significantly increased pH in the 1:2 dilution (p < 0.05), although. the effect was limited in more diluted conditions. These findings suggest that commercial energy gels may represent a source of acidic exposure under in vitro conditions, which could be relevant for dental health. Adequate dilution, particularly ≥1:7, was associated with a reduction in acidity under the experimental conditions tested, although its clinical relevance cannot be directly inferred, while CPP-ACP may provide a limited buffering effect under concentrated exposure conditions. Fil: Beti, María Mónica. 0009-0004-4482-4471. Universidad Católica de La Plata. Facultad de Odontología Universidad Católica de La Plata Convenio Sociedad Odontológica de La Plata. La Plata, Argentina. Fil: Alaniz, Lautaro. 0009-0005-1331-7714. Universidad Católica de La Plata. Facultad de Odontología Universidad Católica de La Plata Convenio Sociedad Odontológica de La Plata. La Plata, Argentina. Fil: Alaniz, Matías. Universidad Católica de La Plata. Facultad de Odontología Universidad Católica de La Plata Convenio Sociedad Odontológica de La Plata. La Plata, Argentina. Fil: García-Sanz, Verónica. 0000-0002-9192-2435. Universitat de València. Departament d'Odontologia. Valencia, España. Fil: Aura Torms, Juan Ignacio. 0000-0002-0054-1005. Universitat de València. Departament d'Odontologia. Valencia, España. Fil: Galancho, Ismael. Universidad Europea de Andalucía. Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Sport. Málaga, España Fil: Bono, Andrea. 0000-0003-2766-8249. Universidad Católica de La Plata. Facultad de Odontología Universidad Católica de La Plata Convenio Sociedad Odontológica de La Plata. La Plata, Argentina. Fil: Paredes-Gallardo, Vaenssa. 0000-0002-4137-5808. Universitat de València. Departament d'Odontologia. Valencia, España 2026-04-17T14:25:50Z 2026-04-17T14:25:50Z 2026-04-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Beti, M. M., Alaniz, L., Alaniz, M., García-Sanz, V., Aura-Tormos, J. I., Galancho, I., Bono, A., & Paredes-Gallardo, V. (2026). Acidic pH of Commercial Energy Gels, Potential Dental Risk, and the Neutralizing Effect of Casein Phosphopeptide–Amorphous Calcium Phosphate. Applied Sciences, 16(8), 3790. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16083790. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16083790 https://repositorio.ucalp.edu.ar/handle/UCALP/1188 spa Applied Sciences, 2026; 16(8) info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ application/pdf application/pdf |
| institution |
Universidad Catolica de La Plata |
| institution_str |
I-101 |
| repository_str |
R-404 |
| collection |
REDI UCALP |
| language |
Español |
| topic |
GELES SALIVA CONCETRACION DE IONES DE HIDROGENO CARIES DENTAL CASEINAS EROSION DENTAL http://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.14 |
| spellingShingle |
GELES SALIVA CONCETRACION DE IONES DE HIDROGENO CARIES DENTAL CASEINAS EROSION DENTAL http://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.14 Beti, María Mónica Alaniz, Lautaro Alaniz, Matías García-Sanz, Verónica Aura-Tormos, Juan Ingnacio Galancho, Ismael Bono, Andrea Paredes-Gallardo, Vanesa Acidic pH of Commercial Energy Gels, Potential Dental Risk, and the Neutralizing Effect of Casein Phosphopeptide–Amorphous Calcium Phosphate |
| topic_facet |
GELES SALIVA CONCETRACION DE IONES DE HIDROGENO CARIES DENTAL CASEINAS EROSION DENTAL http://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.14 |
| description |
Energy gels are widely used by athletes to maintain performance during endurance ac tivities; however, their acidic composition may pose a risk to dental health. This study aimed to evaluate the pH of four commercial energy gels at different dilutions with artificial saliva and to assess the potential neutralizing effect of casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP–ACP). An in vitro experimental design was conducted using four comercial gels (FullGas Hydrogel, ENA Energy Gel, UltraTech Gel, and Maverick Race Gel). Serial dilutions with artificial saliva (1:2, 1:5, 1:7, and 1:10) were prepared, and pH was measured using indicator strips at 0, 15, and 30 min at 37 ◦C. The effect of CPP-ACP was evaluated in the 1:2 dilution. Undiluted gels showed highly acidic pH values ranging from 2.0 to 3.0. Dilutions of 1:2 and 1:5 remained significantly more acidic than artificial saliva (p < 0.001). From 1:7 dilution onward, pH values increased and approached salivary levels (approximately 7.0), with no significant differences compared with artificial saliva. The addition of CPP-ACP significantly increased pH in the 1:2 dilution (p < 0.05), although. the effect was limited in more diluted conditions. These findings suggest that commercial energy gels may represent a source of acidic exposure under in vitro conditions, which could be relevant for dental health. Adequate dilution, particularly ≥1:7, was associated with a reduction in acidity under the experimental conditions tested, although its clinical relevance cannot be directly inferred, while CPP-ACP may provide a limited buffering effect under concentrated exposure conditions. |
| format |
Artículo publishedVersion |
| author |
Beti, María Mónica Alaniz, Lautaro Alaniz, Matías García-Sanz, Verónica Aura-Tormos, Juan Ingnacio Galancho, Ismael Bono, Andrea Paredes-Gallardo, Vanesa |
| author_facet |
Beti, María Mónica Alaniz, Lautaro Alaniz, Matías García-Sanz, Verónica Aura-Tormos, Juan Ingnacio Galancho, Ismael Bono, Andrea Paredes-Gallardo, Vanesa |
| author_sort |
Beti, María Mónica |
| title |
Acidic pH of Commercial Energy Gels, Potential Dental Risk, and the Neutralizing Effect of Casein Phosphopeptide–Amorphous Calcium Phosphate |
| title_short |
Acidic pH of Commercial Energy Gels, Potential Dental Risk, and the Neutralizing Effect of Casein Phosphopeptide–Amorphous Calcium Phosphate |
| title_full |
Acidic pH of Commercial Energy Gels, Potential Dental Risk, and the Neutralizing Effect of Casein Phosphopeptide–Amorphous Calcium Phosphate |
| title_fullStr |
Acidic pH of Commercial Energy Gels, Potential Dental Risk, and the Neutralizing Effect of Casein Phosphopeptide–Amorphous Calcium Phosphate |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Acidic pH of Commercial Energy Gels, Potential Dental Risk, and the Neutralizing Effect of Casein Phosphopeptide–Amorphous Calcium Phosphate |
| title_sort |
acidic ph of commercial energy gels, potential dental risk, and the neutralizing effect of casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate |
| publishDate |
2026 |
| url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/app16083790 https://repositorio.ucalp.edu.ar/handle/UCALP/1188 |
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