Simulated folivory increases vertical transmission of fungal endophytes that deter herbivores and alter tolerance to herbivory in Poa autumnalis

Background and Aims: The processes that maintain variation in the prevalence of symbioses within host populations are not well understood. While the fitness benefits of symbiosis have clearly been shown to drive changes in symbiont prevalence, the rate of transmission has been less well studied. Man...

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Otros Autores: Gundel, Pedro Emilio, Sun, Prudence, Charlton, Nikki D., Young, Carolyn A., Miller, Tom E. X., Rudgers, Jennifer A.
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Acceso en línea:http://ri.agro.uba.ar/files/intranet/articulo/2020gundel.pdf
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245 1 0 |a Simulated folivory increases vertical transmission of fungal endophytes that deter herbivores and alter tolerance to herbivory in Poa autumnalis 
520 |a Background and Aims: The processes that maintain variation in the prevalence of symbioses within host populations are not well understood. While the fitness benefits of symbiosis have clearly been shown to drive changes in symbiont prevalence, the rate of transmission has been less well studied. Many grasses host symbiotic fungi (Epichloë spp.), which can be transmitted vertically to seeds or horizontally via spores. These symbionts may protect plants against herbivores by producing alkaloids or by increasing tolerance to damage. Therefore, herbivory may be a key ecological factor that alters symbiont prevalence within host populations by affecting either symbiont benefits to host fitness or the symbiont transmission rate. Here, we addressed the following questions: Does symbiont presence modulate plant tolerance to herbivory? Does folivory increase symbiont vertical transmission to seeds or hyphal density in seedlings? Do plants with symbiont horizontal transmission have lower rates of vertical transmission than plants lacking horizontal transmission? • Methods: We studied the grass Poa autumnalis and its symbiotic fungi in the genus Epichloë. We measured plant fitness (survival, growth, reproduction) and symbiont transmission to seeds following simulated folivory in a 3-year common garden experiment and surveyed natural populations that varied in mode of symbiont transmission. • Key Results: Poa autumnalis hosted two Epichloë taxa, an undescribed vertically transmitted Epichloë sp. PauTG-1 and E. typhina subsp. poae with both vertical and horizontal transmission. Simulated folivory reduced plant survival, but endophyte presence increased tolerance to damage and boosted fitness. Folivory increased vertical transmission and hyphal density within seedlings, suggesting induced protection for progeny of damaged plants. Across natural populations, the prevalence of vertical transmission did not correlate with symbiont prevalence or differ with mode of transmission. • Conclusions: Herbivory not only mediated the reproductive fitness benefits of symbiosis, but also promoted symbiosis prevalence by increasing vertical transmission of the fungus to the next generation. Our results reveal a new mechanism by which herbivores could influence the prevalence of microbial symbionts in host populations. 
653 |a DEFENSIVE MUTUALISM 
653 |a SYMBIOSIS 
653 |a EPICHLOË 
653 |a INDUCED RESPONSE 
653 |a RESISTANCE 
653 |a TOLERANCE 
653 |a TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS 
700 1 |a Gundel, Pedro Emilio  |u Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA). Buenos Aires, Argentina.  |u CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA). Buenos Aires, Argentina.  |u University of New Mexico. Department of Biology. Albuquerque, USA.  |9 28667 
700 1 |a Sun, Prudence  |u Rice University. Department of Biosciences. Houston, USA.  |9 72882 
700 1 |a Charlton, Nikki D.  |u Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, USA.  |9 72883 
700 1 |a Young, Carolyn A.  |u Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, USA.  |9 67177 
700 1 |a Miller, Tom E. X.  |u Rice University. Department of Biosciences. Houston, USA.  |9 72884 
700 1 |a Rudgers, Jennifer A.  |u University of New Mexico. Department of Biology. Albuquerque, USA.  |9 68560 
773 0 |t Annals of botany  |g Vol.125, no.6 (2020), p.981-991, tbls., grafs.  |w (AR-BaUFA)SECS000027 
856 |f 2020gundel  |i En reservorio  |q application/pdf  |u http://ri.agro.uba.ar/files/intranet/articulo/2020gundel.pdf  |x ARTI202103 
856 |u https://academic.oup.com/aob  |z LINK AL EDITOR 
942 |c ARTICULO 
942 |c ENLINEA 
976 |a AAG