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|a Part 1. Principles of Atomic Physics. 1. Nuclear Systematics. 1.1. Discovery of Radioactivity -- 1.2. Internal Structure of Atoms -- 1.3. Origin of the Elements -- 2. Decay Modes of Radionuclides. 2.1. Beta-Decay -- 2.2. Alpha-Decay -- 2.3. Spontaneous and Induced Fission -- 3. Radioactive Decay. 3.1. Law of Radioactivity -- 3.2. Radiation Detectors -- 3.3. Growth of Radioactive Daughters -- 3.4. Units of Radioactivity and Dosage -- 3.5. Medical Effects of Ionizing Radiation -- 3.6. Sources of Environmental Radioactivity -- 3.7. Nuclear Reactions -- 3.8. Neutron Activation Analysis -- 4. Geochronometry. 4.1. Growth of Radiogenic Daughters -- 4.2. Assumptions for Dating -- 4.3. Fitting of Isochrons -- 4.4. Mass Spectrometry and Isotope Dilution -- Part 2. Radiogenic Isotope Geochronometers. 5. The Rb–Sr Method. 5.1. Geochemistry of Rb and Sr -- 5.2. Principles of Dating -- 5.3. Rb–Sr Isochrons -- 5.4. Dating Metamorphic Rocks -- 5.5. Dating Sedimentary Rocks -- 6. The K–Ar Method. 6.1. Principles and Methodology -- 6.2. Retention of 40Ar by Minerals -- 6.3. K–Ar Isochrons -- 6.4. Volcanic Rocks of Tertiary Age -- 6.5. Dating Sedimentary Rocks -- 6.6. Metamorphic Veil -- 6.7. Precambrian Timescales -- 7. The 40Ar*/ 39Ar Method. 7.1. Principles and Methodology -- 7.2. Incremental Heating Technique -- 7.3. Excess 40Ar -- 7.4. Argon Isotope Correlation Diagram -- 7.5. Laser Ablation -- 7.6. Sedimentary Rocks -- 7.7. Metasedimentary Rocks -- 7.8. Metamorphic Rocks: Broken Hill, N.S.W., Australia -- 7.9. Thermochronometry: Haliburton Highlands, Ontario, Canada -- 8. The K–Ca Method. 8.1. Principles and Methodology -- 8.2. Isotope Geochemistry of Calcium -- 9. The Sm–Nd Method -- 9.1. Geochemistry of Sm and Nd -- 9.2. Principles and Methodology -- 9.3. Dating by the Sm–Nd Method -- 9.4. Meteorites and Martian Rocks -- 9.5. Lunar Rocks -- 10. The U–Pb, Th–Pb, and Pb–Pb Methods. 10.1. Geochemistry of U and Th -- 10.2. Decay of U and Th Isotopes -- 10.3. Principles and Methodology -- 10.4. U,Th–Pb Dates, Boulder Creek Batholith, Colorado -- 10.5. Wetherill’s Concordia -- 10.6. Alternative Pb Loss Models -- 10.7. Refinements in Analytical Methods -- 10.8. Dating Detrital Zircon Grains -- 10.9. Tera–Wasserburg Concordia -- 10.10. U–Pb, Th–Pb, and Pb–Pb Isochrons (Granite Mountains, Wyoming) -- 10.11. Pb–Pb Dating of Carbonate Rocks -- 10.12. U–Pb and Th–Pb Isochrons of Carbonate Rocks -- 11. The Common-Lead Method. 11.1. The Holmes–Houtermans Model -- 11.2. Dating Common Lead -- 11.3. Dating K-Feldspar -- 11.4. Anomalous Leads in Galena -- 11.5. Lead–Zinc Deposits, Southeastern Missouri -- 11.6. Multistage Leads -- 12. The Lu–Hf Method. 12.1. Geochemistry of Lu and Hf -- 12.2. Principles and Methodology -- 12.3. CHUR and Epsilon -- 12.4. Model Hf Dates Derived from CHUR -- 12.5. Applications of Lu–Hf Dating -- 13. The Re–Os Method. 13.1. Rhenium and Osmium in Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Rocks -- 13.2. Principles and Methodology -- 13.3. Molybdenite and 187Re–187Os Isochrons -- 13.4. Meteorites and CHUR-Os -- 13.5. The Cu–Ni Sulfide Ores, Noril’sk, Siberia -- 13.6. Origin of Other Sulfide Ore Deposits -- 13.7. Metallic PGE Minerals -- 13.8. Gold Deposits of the Witwatersrand, South Africa -- 13.9. The Pt–Os Method -- 14. The La–Ce Method. 14.1. Geochemistry of La and Ce -- 14.2. Principles and Methodology -- 14.3. La–Ce Isochrons -- 14.4. Meteorites and CHUR-Ce -- 14.5. Volcanic Rocks -- 14.6. Cerium in the Oceans -- 15. The La–Ba Method. 15.1. Geochemistry of La and Ba -- 15.2. Principles and Methodology -- 15.3. Amitsoq Gneiss, West Greenland -- 15.4. Mustikkamaki Pegmatite, Finland -- Part 3. Geochemistry of Radiogenic Isotopes. 16. Mixing Theory. 16.1. Chemical Compositions of Mixtures -- 16.2. Isotopic Mixtures of Sr -- 16.3. Isotopic Mixtures of Sr and Nd -- 16.4. Three-Component Isotopic Mixtures -- 16.5. Applications -- 17. Origin of Igneous Rocks. 17.1. The Plume Theory -- 17.2. Magma Sources in the Mantle -- 17.3. Midocean Ridge Basalt -- 17.4. Basalt and Rhyolite of Iceland -- 17.5. The Hawaiian Islands -- 17.6. HIMU Magma Sources of Polynesia -- 17.7. Subduction Zones -- 17.8. Continental Flood Basalt -- 17.9. Alkali-Rich Lavas -- 17.10. Origin of Granite -- 18. Water and Sediment. 18.1. Strontium in Streams -- 18.2. Sediment in Streams -- 18.3. Zaire and Amazon Rivers -- 19. The Oceans. 19.1. Strontium in the Phanerozoic Oceans -- 19.2. Strontium in the Precambrian Oceans -- 19.3. Neodymium in the Oceans -- 19.4. Lead in the Oceans -- 19.5. Osmium in Continental Runoff -- 19.6. Osmium in the Oceans -- 19.7. Hafnium in the Oceans -- Part 4. Short-Lived Radionuclides. 20. Uranium/Thorium-Series Disequilibria. 20.1. 238U/234U–230Th-Series Geochronometers -- 20.2. Radium -- 20.3. Protactinium -- 20.4. Lead-210 -- 20.5. Archeology and Anthropology -- 20.6. Volcanic Rocks -- 20.7. Magma Formation -- 21. Helium and Tritium. 21.1. U–Th/He Method of Dating -- 21.2. Thermochronometry -- 21.3. He Dating of Iron-Ore Deposits -- 21.4. Tritium–3He Dating -- 21.5. Meteorites and Oceanic Basalt -- 21.6. Continental Crust -- 22. Radiation-Damage Methods. 22.1. Alpha-Decay -- 22.2. Fission Tracks -- 22.3. Applications of Fission-Track Dates -- 22.4. Thermoluminescence -- 22.5. Electron-Spin Resonance -- 23. Cosmogenic Radionuclides. 23.1. Carbon-14 (Radiocarbon) -- 23.2. Beryllium-10 and Aluminum-26 (Atmospheric) -- 23.3. Exposure Dating (10Be and 26Al) -- 23.4. Cosmogenic and Thermonuclear 36Cl -- 23.5. Meteorites -- 23.6. Other Long-Lived Cosmogenic Radionuclides -- 24. Extinct Radionuclides. 24.1. The Pd–Ag Chronometer -- 24.2. The Al–Mg Chronometer -- 24.3. The Hf–W Chronometer -- 24.4. FUN in the Solar Nebula -- 25. Thermonuclear Radionuclides. 25.1. Fission Products and Transuranium Elements -- 25.2. Strontium-90 in the Environment -- 25.3. Cesium-137 in the Environment -- 25.4. Arctic Ocean: 90Sr/137Cs, 239,240Pu, and 241Am -- Part 5. Fractionation of Stable Isotopes. 26. Hydrogen and Oxygen. 26.1. Atomic Properties -- 26.2. Mathematical Relations -- 26.3. Meteoric Precipitation -- 26.4. Paleothermometry (Carbonates) -- 26.5. Silicate Minerals and Rocks -- 26.6. Water–Rock Interactions (Rocks) -- 26.7. Water–Rock Interactions (Water) -- 26.8. Clay Minerals -- 26.9. Marine Carbonates -- 26.10. Marine Phosphates -- 26.11. Biogenic Silica and Hydroxides of Fe and Al -- 26.12. Chert (Phanerozoic and Precambrian) -- 26.13. Extraterrestrial Rocks -- 27. Carbon. 27.1. Biosphere -- 27.2. Life in the Precambrian Oceans -- 27.3. Fossil Fuel -- 27.4. Carbon-Isotope Stratigraphy (Phanerozoic) -- 27.5. Precambrian Carbonates -- 27.6. Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks -- 27.7. Extraterrestrial Carbon -- 27.8. Search for Life on Mars -- 28. Nitrogen. 28.1. Geochemistry -- 28.2. Isotope Fractionation -- 28.3. Nitrogen on the Surface of the Earth -- 28.4. Fossil Fuels -- 28.5. Igneous Rocks and the Mantle -- 28.6. Ultramafic Xenoliths -- 28.7. Diamonds -- 28.8. Meteorites -- 28.9. Moon -- 28.10. Mars -- 29. Sulfur. 29.1. Isotope Geochemistry -- 29.2. Biogenic Isotope Fractionation -- 29.3. Sulfur in Recent Sediment -- 29.4. Fossil Fuels -- 29.5. Native Sulfur Deposits -- 29.6. Sedimentary Rocks of Precambrian Age -- 29.7. Isotopic Evolution of Marine Sulfate -- 29.8. Igneous Rocks -- 29.9. Sulfide Ore Deposits -- 29.10. Sulfur in the Environment -- 29.11. Mass-Independent Isotope Fractionation -- 30. Boron and Other Elements. 30.1. Boron -- 30.2. Lithium -- 30.3. Silicon -- 30.4. Chlorine.
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