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|a Eruptions, Jargon, and History – A “Grey Volcano” in Eruption – Galunggung – 1982 – A “Red Volcano” in Eruption – Kilauea – 19741 – Some Basic Terminology – History of Volcanology – Further Reading – Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion – 2.Global Perspectives – Plate Tectonics and Volcanism – Birth of a Theory – Volcanoes along Divergent Plate Boundaries – Volcanoes along Convergent Plate Boundaries – Intraplate Volcanoes – Further Reading – Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion – 3.The Nature of Magma – Where Volcanoes Come From – Origins of Magma – The Physics and Chemistry of Melting – Classification of Magma and Igneous Rocks – Principal Magma Types – Magmatic and Volcanic Gases – Further Reading – Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion – 4.The Physical Properties of Magma and Why it Erupts – Magma Temperatures – Magma Rheology – Magma Ascent and Emplacement – “Frozen Magma” – Subvolcanic Intrusives – Triggers for Volcanic Eruptions – Why Volcanoes Erupt – Repose Intervals – Further Reading – Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion – 5.Classifying Volcanic Eruptions – Lacroix Classification System – Rittman Diagrams – Geze Classification Diagram – Walker Classification System – Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) – Further Reading – Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion – 6.Effusive Volcanic Eruptions and Their Products – Mafic and Intermediate Effusive Eruptions – Pahoehoe and 0A0a – Pyroducts – Pahoehoe Surface Structures – Lava Flow Internal Structures – ´A´aSurface Structures – Block Lavas – Radiocarbon Dating of Prehistoric Lava Flows – Further Reading – Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion – 7.An Overview of Explosive Eruptions and Their Products – Ejecta Classification – Explosive Eruption Styles and Their Products – Pyroclastic Density Currents (PDCs) – Further Reading – Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion – 8.A Closer Look at Large-scale Explosive Eruptions – Measuring the Sizes of Plinian Eruptions – Plinian Eruption Dynamics – Pyroclastic Density Currents (PDCs) – Directed lasts – “Super-Eruptions” – Further Reading – Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion – 9.Constructional (“Positive”) Volcanic Landforms – Large Igneous Provinces – Shield Volcanoes – Composite Volcanoes – Minor Volcanic Landforms – Volcano Old Age and Extinction – Further Reading – Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion – 10.“Negative” Volcanic Landforms – Craters and Calderas – Small Craters – Calderas – Post-caldera Resurgence – Caldera Formation Mechanisms – Caldera Roots – Relationships to Plutonic Rocks – Volcano-tectonic Depressions – Further Reading – Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion – 11.Mass-wasting Processes and Products – Landslides, Avalanches, and Sector Collapses – Lahars – Causes of Lahars – Lahar Dynamics – Lahar Destructiveness – Further Reading – Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion – 12.Volcanoes Unseen and Far Away – Submarine and Subglacial Volcanoes – The Meeting of Fire, Water, and Ice – Extraterrestrial Volcanoes – Further Reading – Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion – 13.Volcanoes: Life, Climate, and Human History – Volcanoes and the Origin of Life – Volcanoes, Atmosphere, and Climate – Volcanic Influence on Soil Fertility andAgriculture – Volcanoes and Human History – Social Impact of Volcanic Eruptions – Further Reading – Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion – 14.Volcanic Hazards and Risk – Monitoring and Mitigation – Hazards and Risk – Active, Dormant, and Extinct Volcanoes – Volcanic Hazards – Volcanic Risk – Volcano Monitoring – Volcanic Crisis Management – Further Reading – Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion – 15.Economic Volcanology – Earth Energy Relationships – Volcano Energy – Stored Energy: Geothermal Power – Volcanoes and Ore Deposits – Other Useful Volcanic Materials – urther Reading – Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion – Epilogue: The Future of Volcanology.
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