| 505 |
|
|
|a 1. Introduction. Where Did Invertebrates Come From?. The Dawn of Life -- The Ediacaran Epoch and the Origin of Animals -- The Paleozoic Era (570–250 mya) -- The Mesozoic Era (250–65 mya) -- The Cenozoic Era (65 mya–present) -- Where Do Invertebrates Live? -- Marine Habitats -- Estuaries and Coastal Marshlands -- Freshwater Habitats -- Terrestrial Habitats -- A Special Type of Environment: Symbiosis -- Some Comments On Evolution -- Microevolution -- Macroevolution -- 2. Classification, Systematics, and Phylogeny. Biological Classification -- Nomenclature -- Systematics -- Important Concepts and Terms -- Constructing Phylogenies and Classifications -- 3. Animal Architecture and the Bauplan Concep. Body Symmetry -- Cellularity, Body Size, Germ Layers, and Body Cavities -- Locomotion and Support -- Ameboid Locomotion -- Cilia and Flagella -- Muscles and Skeletons -- Feeding Mechanisms -- Intracellular and Extracellular Digestion -- Feeding Strategies -- Excretion and Osmoregulation -- Nitrogenous Wastes and Water Conservation -- Osmoregulation and Habitat -- Excretory and Osmoregulatory Structures -- Circulation and Gas Exchange -- Internal Transport -- Circulatory Systems -- Hearts and Other Pumping Mechanisms -- Gas Exchange and Transport -- Nervous Systems and Sense Organs -- Invertebrate Sense Organs -- Sense Organs -- Independent Effectors -- Bioluminescence -- Nervous Systems and Body Plans -- Hormones and Pheromones -- Reproduction -- Asexual Reproduction -- Sexual Reproduction -- Parthenogenesis -- 4. Animal Development, Life Histories, and Origins. Eggs and Embryos -- Eggs -- Cleavage -- The Problem of Cell Fates -- Blastula Types -- Gastrulation and Germ Layer Formation -- Mesoderm and Body Cavities -- Life Cycles: Sequences and Strategies -- Classification of Life Cycles -- Indirect Development -- Settling and Metamorphosis -- Direct Development -- Mixed Development -- Adaptations to Land and Fresh Water -- Parasite Life Cycles -- The Relationships between Ontogeny and Phylogeny -- The Concept of Recapitulation -- Heterochrony and Paedomorphosis -- Origins of Major Groups of Metazoa -- Origin of the Metazoa -- Origin of the Bilateral Condition -- Origin of the Coelomic Condition -- 5. The Protists. Taxonomic History and Classification -- Classification of the Protista -- The Protist Bauplan -- Body Structure, Excretion, and Gas Exchange -- Support and Locomotion -- Nutrition -- Activity and Sensitivity -- Reproduction -- Phylum Euglenida -- Support and Locomotion -- Nutrition -- Reproduction -- Phylum Kinetoplastida (The Trypanosomes and Their Relatives) -- Support and Locomotion -- Nutrition -- Reproduction and Life Cycles -- Phylum Ciliophora (The Ciliates) -- Support and Locomotion -- Nutrition -- Reproduction -- Phylum Apicomplexa (The Gregarines, Coccidians, Haemosporidians, and Piroplasms) -- Support and Locomotion -- Nutrition -- Reproduction and Life Cycles -- Phylum Dinoflagellata -- Support and Locomotion -- Nutrition -- Reproduction -- Phylum Stramenopila -- Support and Locomotion -- Nutrition -- Reproduction -- Phylum Rhizopoda (Amebas) -- Support and Locomotion -- Nutrition -- Reproduction -- Phylum Actinopoda -- Support and Locomotion -- Nutrition -- Reproduction -- Phylum Granuloreticulosa (Foraminifera and Their Kin) -- Support and Locomotion -- Nutrition -- Reproduction and Some Life Cycles -- Phylum Diplomonadida -- Support and Locomotion -- Nutrition -- Reproduction -- Phylum Parabasilida (The Trichomonads and Hypermastigotes) -- Support and Locomotion -- Nutrition -- Reproduction -- Phylum Cryptomonada -- Phylum Microspora -- Phylum Ascetospora -- Phylum Choanoflagellata -- Phylum Chlorophyta -- Phylum Opalinida -- Genus Stephanopogon -- Protist Phylogeny -- 6. Phylum Porifera: The Sponge. Taxonomic History and Classification -- The Poriferan Bauplan -- Body Structure and the Aquiferous System -- Cell Types -- Cell Aggregation -- Support -- Nutrition, Excretion, and Gas Exchange -- Activity and Sensitivity -- Reproduction and Development -- Some Additional Aspects of Sponge Biology -- Distribution and Ecology -- Biochemical Agents -- Growth Rates -- Symbioses -- Poriferan Phylogeny -- The Origin of Sponges -- Evolution within the Porifera -- 7. Four Phyla of Uncertain Affinity. Taxonomic History -- Mesozoan Bauplans -- Phylum Placozoa -- Phylum Monoblastozoa -- Phylum Rhombozoa -- Phylum Orthonectida -- Mesozoan Phylogeny -- 8. Phylum Cnidaria. Taxonomic History and Classification -- The Cnidarian Bauplan -- The Body Wall -- Support -- Movement -- Cnidae -- Feeding and Digestion -- Defense, Interactions, and Symbiosis -- Circulation, Gas Exchange, Excretion, and Osmoregulation -- Nervous System and Sense Organs -- Reproduction and Development -- Cnidarian Phylogeny -- 9. Phylum Ctenophora: The Comb Jellie. Taxonomic History and Classification -- The Ctenophoran Bauplan -- Support and Locomotion -- Feeding and Digestion -- Circulation, Excretion, Gas Exchange, and Osmoregulation -- Nervous System and Sense Organs -- Reproduction and Development -- Ctenophoran Phylogeny -- 10. Phylum Platyhelminthes. Taxonomic History and Classification -- The Platyhelminth Bauplan -- Body Wall -- Support, Locomotion, and Attachment -- Feeding and Digestion -- Circulation and Gas Exchange -- Excretion and Osmoregulation -- Nervous System and Sense Organs -- Reproduction and Development -- Platyhelminth Phylogeny -- 11. Phylum Nemertea: The Ribbon Worms. Taxonomic History and Classification -- Classification -- The Nemertean Bauplan -- Body Wall -- Support and Locomotion -- Feeding and Digestion -- Circulation and Gas Exchange -- Excretion and Osmoregulation -- Nervous System and Sense Organs -- Reproduction and Development -- Nemertean Phylogeny -- 12. Blastocoelomates and Other Phyla. Taxonomic History -- The Blastocoelomate Condition -- Phylum Rotifera: The Rotifers -- General External Anatomy and Details of the Corona -- Body Wall, Body Cavity, Support, and Locomotion -- Feeding and Digestion -- Circulation, Gas Exchange, Excretion, and Osmoregulation -- Nervous System and Sense Organs -- Reproduction and Development -- Phylum Gastrotricha: The Gastrotrichs -- Body Wall, Support, and Locomotion -- Feeding and Digestion -- Circulation, Gas Exchange, Excretion, and Osmoregulation -- Nervous System and Sense Organs -- Reproduction and Development -- Phylum Kinorhyncha: The Kinorhynchs -- Body Wall -- Support and Locomotion -- Feeding and Digestion -- Circulation, Gas Exchange, Excretion, and Osmoregulation -- Nervous System and Sense Organs -- Reproduction and Development -- Phylum Nemata: The Nematodes -- Body Wall, Support, and Locomotion -- Feeding and Digestion -- Circulation, Gas Exchange, Excretion, and Osmoregulation -- Nervous System and Sense Organs -- Reproduction, Development, and Life Cycles -- Life Cycles of Some Parasitic Nematodes -- Phylum Nematomorpha: Hair Worms and Their Kin -- Body Wall, Support, and Locomotion -- Feeding and Digestion -- Circulation, Gas Exchange, Excretion, and Osmoregulation -- Nervous System and Sense Organs -- Reproduction and Development -- Phylum Priapula: The Priapulans -- Body Wall, Support, and Locomotion -- Feeding and Digestion -- Circulation, Gas Exchange, Excretion, and Osmoregulation -- Nervous System and Sense Organs -- Reproduction and Development -- Phylum Acanthocephala: The Acanthocephalans -- Body Wall, Support, Attachment, and Nutrition -- Circulation, Gas Exchange, and Excretion -- Nervous System -- Reproduction and Development -- Phylum Entoprocta: The Entoprocts -- Body Wall, Support, and Movement -- Feeding and Digestion -- Circulation, Gas Exchange, and Excretion -- Nervous System -- Reproduction and Development -- Phylum Gnathostomulida: The Gnathostomulids -- Body Wall, Support, and Locomotion -- Nutrition, Circulation, Excretion, and Gas Exchange -- Nervous System -- Reproduction and Development -- Phylum Loricifera: The Loriciferans -- Phylum Cycliophora: The Cycliophorans -- Some Phylogenetic Considerations -- 13. Phylum Annelida: The Segmented Worm. Taxonomic History and Classification -- The Annelid Bauplan -- Body Forms -- Body Wall and Coelomic Arrangement -- Support and Locomotion -- Feeding -- Digestive System -- Circulation and Gas Exchange -- Excretion and Osmoregulation -- Nervous System and Sense Organs -- Regeneration and Asexual Reproduction -- Sexual Reproduction and Development -- Pogonophoridae: The Beard Worms -- Taxonomic History -- The Tube, Body Wall, and Body Cavity -- Nutrition -- Circulation, Gas Exchange, Excretion, and Osmoregulation -- Nervous System and Sense Organs -- Reproduction and Development -- Annelid Phylogeny -- 14. Sipuncula and Echiura. The Sipunculans -- Taxonomic History and Classification -- The Sipunculan Bauplan -- Body Wall, Coelom, Circulation, and Gas Exchange -- Support and Locomotion -- Feeding and Digestion -- Excretion and Osmoregulation -- Nervous System and Sense Organs -- Reproduction and Development -- The Echiurans -- Taxonomic History and Classification -- The Echiuran Bauplan -- Body Wall and Coelom -- Support and Locomotion -- Feeding and Digestion -- Circulation and Gas Exchange -- Excretion and Osmoregulation -- Nervous System and Sense Organs -- Reproduction and Development -- Some Comments on Phylogeny -- 15. The Emergence of the Arthropods: Onychophorans, Tardigrades, Trilobites, and the Arthropod Bauplan. Phylum Onychophora -- Phylum Tardigrada -- An Introduction to the Arthropods -- Taxonomic History and Classification -- Synopses of the Five Arthropod Subphyla -- The Arthropod Bauplan and Arthropodization -- The Body Wall -- Arthropod Appendages -- Support and Locomotion -- Growth -- The Digestive System -- Circulation and Gas Exchange -- Excretion and Osmoregulation -- Nervous System and Sense Organs -- Reproduction and Development -- The Trilobites (Subphylum Trilobitomorpha) -- General Body Form -- Internal Anatomy -- Development -- The Evolu
|