Structural geology /
Guardado en:
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| Otros Autores: | |
| Formato: | Desconocido |
| Lenguaje: | Español |
| Publicado: |
New York :
Freeman,
2007.
|
| Edición: | 2nd ed. |
| Materias: | |
| Aporte de: | Registro referencial: Solicitar el recurso aquí |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- 1. Introduction
- What Are Structural Geology and Tectonics?
- Structural Geology, Tectonics, and the Use of Models
- The Interior of the Earth and of Other Terrestrial Bodies
- The Earth's Crust and Plate Tectonics: Introduction
- Ocean Basins
- The Structure of Continental Crust
- Precambrian Shields
- Phanerozoic Regions
- The Scientific Method
- Part I. Brittle deformation
- 2. Fractures and Joints
- Classification of Extension Fractures
- Geometry of Fracture Systems in Three Dimensions
- Features of Fracture Surfaces
- Timing of Fracture Formation
- Relationships of Fractures to Other Structures
- Fractals and the Description of Joint Patterns
- 3. Introduction to Faults
- Types of Faults
- Recognition of Faults
- Determination of Fault Displacement
- Fault Geometry
- Balanced Cross Sections
- 4. Normal Faults
- Characteristics of Normal Faulting
- Shape and Displacement of Normal Faults
- Structural Associations of Normal Faults
- Kinematic Models of Normal Fault Systems
- Determination of Extension
- Associated with Normal Faults
- 5. Thrust or Reverse Faults
- Recognition of Thrust Faults Shape and Displacement of Thrust Faults
- Structural Environments of Thrust Faults
- Kinematic Models of Thrust Fault Systems
- Geometry and Kinematics of Thrust
- Systems in the Hinterland
- Analysis of Displacement on Thrust Faults
- 6. Strike-Slip Faults
- Characteristics of Strike-Slip Faults
- Shape, Displacement, and Related Structures
- Structural Associations of Strike-Slip Faults
- Kinematic Models of Strike-Slip Fault Systems
- Analysis of Displacement
- Balancing Strike-Slip Faults
- 7. Stress
- Force, Traction, and Stress
- The Mohr Diagram for Two-Dimensional Stress
- Terminology for States of Stress
- A Closer Look at the Mohr Circle for Two-Dimensional Stress
- The Stress Tensor
- What Is a Vector: A Brief Review
- The Mohr Diagram for Three Dimensional Stress
- What Is a Tensor?
- Sign Conventions Galore: A Cautionary Note
- Derivation of Principal Stresses in Two Dimensions
- 8. Mechanics of Fracturing and Faulting: Experiment and Theory
- Experimental Fracturing of Rocks
- A Fracture Criterion for Tension Fractures
- The Coulomb Fracture Criterion for Confined Compression
- Effects of Confining Pressure on Fracturing and Frictional Sliding
- Effects of Pore Fluid Pressure on Fracturing and Frictional Sliding
- Effects on Fracturing of Anisotropy, the Intermediate Principal Stress, Temperature, and Scale
- Limitations of the Coulomb Fracture Criterion
- The Griffith Theory of Fracture
- The Coulomb Fracture Criterion in Terms of Principal Stresses
- 9. Mechanics of Natural Fractures and Faults
- Elastic Deformation
- Techniques for Determining Stress in the Earth
- Mechanisms of Stressing the Earth's Crust
- Stress in the Earth
- Stress Histories and the Origin of Joints
- The Spacing of Extension Fractures
- Distinguishing Extension Fractures from Shear Fractures
- Fractures Associated with Faults
- Fractures Associated with Folds
- Stress Distributions and Faulting
- The Mechanics of Large Overthrusts
- Cause and Effect: A Word of Caution
- The Effect of Burial and Uplift on Stress in the Crust
- Simplified Model of a Thrust Sheet
- Part 2. Ductile deformation. 10. The Description of Folds. 10.1. Geometric parts of folds
- 10.2. Fold scale and attitde
- 10.3. The elements of fold style
- 10.4. The order of folds
- 10.5. common styles and structural associations of folding
- 11. Foliations and lineations in deformed rocks. 11.1. Tectonites
- 11.2. Compositional foliations
- 11.3. Disjunctive foliations
- 11.4. Crenulation foliations
- 11.5. Continuous foliations
- 11.6. The relationship of foliations to other structures
- 11.7. Special types of foliation and nomenclature
- 11.8. Structural lineations
- 11.9. Mineral lineations
- 11.10. Associations of lineations with other structures
- 12. Geometry of homogenous strain. 12.1. Measure of strain
- 12.2. the state of strain
- 12.3. Special states of strain
- 12.4. Progressive deformation
- 12.5. Progressive stretch of material lines
- 12.6. Homogeneous and inhomogeneous deformation
- 12.7. The representarion of three-dimensional strain states and progressive strains
- 12.8. Tensor representations of strain
- 12.9. Finite strain of an arbitrary line segment and the mohr circle
- 12.10. Applications of strain analysis
- Other measures of linear strain
- Terminology of strain compared with stress: Beware!
- A more qunatitative view of strain
- 13. Kinematic analysis of folds. 13.1. Flexural folding of a layer
- 13.2. Passive shear folding of a layer
- 13.3. Volume-loss folding of a layer
- 13.4. Homogeneous flattening of folds in a layer
- 13.5. Folding of multilayers
- 13.6. Formation of kink and chevron folds
- 13.7. Fault-bend and fault-propagation folding of a multilayer
- 13.8. Drag folds and hansen's method for slip-line determination
- - 13.9. Superposed folding
- 13.10. Diapiric flow
- 14. Analysis of foliations and lineations. 14.1. Material and nonmaterial foliations and lineations
- 14.2. Mechanisms of formation of foliations and lineations and their relationships to stran
- 14.3. Interpretation of the morphological types of foliation
- 14.4. Steady-state foliations
- 14.5. Foliations and shear planes
- 14.6. Interpretation of morphological types of lineation
- 14.7. Lineations on folds
- 15. Observations of strain in deformed rocks. 15.1. Measuring strain in rocks
- 15.2. Relationship of strain to foliations and lineations
- 15.3. Measurement of strain in folds
- 15.4. Strain in shear zones
- 15.5. Deformation history
- Britttle strain inferred from fault systematics
- Common techniques for measuring strain
- Part. 3. Rheolgy. 16. Macroscopic aspects of rock deformation: rheology and experiment. 16.1. Continuum models of material behavios
- 16.2. Experiments on friction and cataclastic flow: implications for faulting
- 16.3. Experimental investigaion of ductile flow
- 16.4. Steady-state creep
- 16.5. The effects of pressure, grain size, chemical environment and partial melt on steady-state creep
- 16.6. Application of experimental rheology to natural deformation
- Measures of strain rate
- The rate and state depenent friction law
- Experimental determination ofthe material constants in the high temperature creep equation
- Constitutive equations in three dimensions
- 17. Microscopic aspects of ductile deformation: mechanisms and fabrics. 17.1. Mechanisms of low-temperature deformation
- 17.2. Twin gliding
- 17.3. Diffusion and solution creep
- 17.4. Linear crystal defects: the geometry and motion of dislocations
- 17.5. Mechanisms of dislocation creep
- 17.6. Microstructural fabrics associated with sdislocation creep
- 17.7. Preferred orientation fabrics of dislocation creep
- 17.8. Symmetry principles in the interpretation of deformed rocks
- Rheologies inferred from mechanisms of ductile deformation
- Inferring the orientation and magnitude of paleostresses in deformed rocks
- 18. Scale models and quantitative models of rock deformation. 18.1. Constraints on physical models
- 18.2. The theory of scale models
- 18.3. scale models of folding
- 18.4. Scale models of gravity-driven deformation
- 18.5. Plastic slip-line field thheory and faulting
- 18.6. Analytic solution for the viscous buckling of a competent layer in an incompetent matrix
- 18.7. Numerical models of bucking and the effects of different rheologies
- Fromulation of a mathematical model with application to the problem of viscous deformation
- Part 4. Regional associations of structures. 19. Development of structures at active plate margins. 19.1. Divergent margins on the continents: continental rifting
- 19.2. Divergent margins in ocean basins
- 19.3. Major strike-slip faults: transform faults and megashears
- 19.4. Convergent margins
- 19.5. Active collisions
- Structures of convergent and divergent strike-slip along the boundaries of the sierran microplate
- 20. Anatomy and tectonics of orogenic belts. 20.1. Intrduction
- 20.2. The foredeep or foreland basin
- 20.3. the external thrus complex: foreland fold and thrust belt, slate belt, ophiolites and sutures
- 20.4. The crystalline core zone: metamorphism
- 20.5. The crystalline core zone: structure and lithology
- 20.6. Extensional deformation and low-angle detachments
- 20.7. High-angle fault zones
- 20.8. Minor structures and strain in the interpretaiton of orogenic zone
- 20.9. Tectonics, topography and erosion
- 20.10. Tectonics and metamorphism
- 20.11. Simple models of orogenic deformation
- 20.12. A two-dimensional plate tectonic odel of orogeny
- 20.13. The "Wilson cycle" and plate tectonics
- 20.14. Terrane analysis
- Appendix 1. The orientation and representarion o structures. A1.1. The attitude of planes and lines
- A1.2. Graphical presentation of orientation data
- A1.3. Geologic maps
- A1.4. Cross sections: protrayal of structures in three dimensions
- Appendix 2. Geophysical techniques. A2.1. Seismic studies
- A2.2. Analysis of gravity anomalies
- A2.3. Geomagnetic studies
- Appendix 3. Units and constants. Basic SI (Système international; mks) Units
- Table of SI Multiples
- Other systems of units.