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|a Twiss, Robert J.
|9 15286
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| 245 |
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4 |
|a Structural geology /
|c Robert J.Twiss
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| 250 |
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|a 2nd ed.
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| 260 |
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|a New York :
|b Freeman,
|c 2007.
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| 300 |
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|a 736 p. :
|b il., tbls., grafs. ;
|c 28 cm.
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| 500 |
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|a Incluye índice analítico.
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| 505 |
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|a 1. Introduction -- What Are Structural Geology and Tectonics? -- Structural Geology, Tectonics, and the Use of Models -- The Interior of the Earth and of Other Terrestrial Bodies -- The Earth's Crust and Plate Tectonics: Introduction -- Ocean Basins -- The Structure of Continental Crust -- Precambrian Shields -- Phanerozoic Regions -- The Scientific Method -- Part I. Brittle deformation -- 2. Fractures and Joints -- Classification of Extension Fractures -- Geometry of Fracture Systems in Three Dimensions -- Features of Fracture Surfaces -- Timing of Fracture Formation -- Relationships of Fractures to Other Structures -- Fractals and the Description of Joint Patterns -- 3. Introduction to Faults -- Types of Faults -- Recognition of Faults -- Determination of Fault Displacement -- Fault Geometry -- Balanced Cross Sections -- 4. Normal Faults -- Characteristics of Normal Faulting -- Shape and Displacement of Normal Faults -- Structural Associations of Normal Faults -- Kinematic Models of Normal Fault Systems -- Determination of Extension -- Associated with Normal Faults -- 5. Thrust or Reverse Faults -- Recognition of Thrust Faults Shape and Displacement of Thrust Faults -- Structural Environments of Thrust Faults -- Kinematic Models of Thrust Fault Systems -- Geometry and Kinematics of Thrust -- Systems in the Hinterland -- Analysis of Displacement on Thrust Faults -- 6. Strike-Slip Faults -- Characteristics of Strike-Slip Faults -- Shape, Displacement, and Related Structures -- Structural Associations of Strike-Slip Faults -- Kinematic Models of Strike-Slip Fault Systems -- Analysis of Displacement -- Balancing Strike-Slip Faults -- 7. Stress -- Force, Traction, and Stress -- The Mohr Diagram for Two-Dimensional Stress -- Terminology for States of Stress -- A Closer Look at the Mohr Circle for Two-Dimensional Stress -- The Stress Tensor -- What Is a Vector: A Brief Review -- The Mohr Diagram for Three Dimensional Stress -- What Is a Tensor? -- Sign Conventions Galore: A Cautionary Note -- Derivation of Principal Stresses in Two Dimensions -- 8. Mechanics of Fracturing and Faulting: Experiment and Theory -- Experimental Fracturing of Rocks -- A Fracture Criterion for Tension Fractures -- The Coulomb Fracture Criterion for Confined Compression -- Effects of Confining Pressure on Fracturing and Frictional Sliding -- Effects of Pore Fluid Pressure on Fracturing and Frictional Sliding -- Effects on Fracturing of Anisotropy, the Intermediate Principal Stress, Temperature, and Scale -- Limitations of the Coulomb Fracture Criterion -- The Griffith Theory of Fracture -- The Coulomb Fracture Criterion in Terms of Principal Stresses -- 9. Mechanics of Natural Fractures and Faults -- Elastic Deformation -- Techniques for Determining Stress in the Earth -- Mechanisms of Stressing the Earth's Crust -- Stress in the Earth -- Stress Histories and the Origin of Joints -- The Spacing of Extension Fractures -- Distinguishing Extension Fractures from Shear Fractures -- Fractures Associated with Faults -- Fractures Associated with Folds -- Stress Distributions and Faulting -- The Mechanics of Large Overthrusts -- Cause and Effect: A Word of Caution -- The Effect of Burial and Uplift on Stress in the Crust -- Simplified Model of a Thrust Sheet -- Part 2. Ductile deformation. 10. The Description of Folds. 10.1. Geometric parts of folds -- 10.2. Fold scale and attitde -- 10.3. The elements of fold style -- 10.4. The order of folds -- 10.5. common styles and structural associations of folding -- 11. Foliations and lineations in deformed rocks. 11.1. Tectonites -- 11.2. Compositional foliations -- 11.3. Disjunctive foliations -- 11.4. Crenulation foliations -- 11.5. Continuous foliations -- 11.6. The relationship of foliations to other structures -- 11.7. Special types of foliation and nomenclature -- 11.8. Structural lineations -- 11.9. Mineral lineations -- 11.10. Associations of lineations with other structures -- 12. Geometry of homogenous strain. 12.1. Measure of strain -- 12.2. the state of strain -- 12.3. Special states of strain -- 12.4. Progressive deformation -- 12.5. Progressive stretch of material lines -- 12.6. Homogeneous and inhomogeneous deformation -- 12.7. The representarion of three-dimensional strain states and progressive strains -- 12.8. Tensor representations of strain -- 12.9. Finite strain of an arbitrary line segment and the mohr circle -- 12.10. Applications of strain analysis -- Other measures of linear strain -- Terminology of strain compared with stress: Beware! -- A more qunatitative view of strain -- 13. Kinematic analysis of folds. 13.1. Flexural folding of a layer -- 13.2. Passive shear folding of a layer -- 13.3. Volume-loss folding of a layer -- 13.4. Homogeneous flattening of folds in a layer -- 13.5. Folding of multilayers -- 13.6. Formation of kink and chevron folds -- 13.7. Fault-bend and fault-propagation folding of a multilayer -- 13.8. Drag folds and hansen's method for slip-line determination --- 13.9. Superposed folding -- 13.10. Diapiric flow -- 14. Analysis of foliations and lineations. 14.1. Material and nonmaterial foliations and lineations -- 14.2. Mechanisms of formation of foliations and lineations and their relationships to stran -- 14.3. Interpretation of the morphological types of foliation -- 14.4. Steady-state foliations -- 14.5. Foliations and shear planes -- 14.6. Interpretation of morphological types of lineation -- 14.7. Lineations on folds -- 15. Observations of strain in deformed rocks. 15.1. Measuring strain in rocks -- 15.2. Relationship of strain to foliations and lineations -- 15.3. Measurement of strain in folds -- 15.4. Strain in shear zones -- 15.5. Deformation history -- Britttle strain inferred from fault systematics -- Common techniques for measuring strain -- Part. 3. Rheolgy. 16. Macroscopic aspects of rock deformation: rheology and experiment. 16.1. Continuum models of material behavios -- 16.2. Experiments on friction and cataclastic flow: implications for faulting -- 16.3. Experimental investigaion of ductile flow -- 16.4. Steady-state creep -- 16.5. The effects of pressure, grain size, chemical environment and partial melt on steady-state creep -- 16.6. Application of experimental rheology to natural deformation -- Measures of strain rate -- The rate and state depenent friction law -- Experimental determination ofthe material constants in the high temperature creep equation -- Constitutive equations in three dimensions -- 17. Microscopic aspects of ductile deformation: mechanisms and fabrics. 17.1. Mechanisms of low-temperature deformation -- 17.2. Twin gliding -- 17.3. Diffusion and solution creep -- 17.4. Linear crystal defects: the geometry and motion of dislocations -- 17.5. Mechanisms of dislocation creep -- 17.6. Microstructural fabrics associated with sdislocation creep -- 17.7. Preferred orientation fabrics of dislocation creep -- 17.8. Symmetry principles in the interpretation of deformed rocks -- Rheologies inferred from mechanisms of ductile deformation -- Inferring the orientation and magnitude of paleostresses in deformed rocks -- 18. Scale models and quantitative models of rock deformation. 18.1. Constraints on physical models -- 18.2. The theory of scale models -- 18.3. scale models of folding -- 18.4. Scale models of gravity-driven deformation -- 18.5. Plastic slip-line field thheory and faulting -- 18.6. Analytic solution for the viscous buckling of a competent layer in an incompetent matrix -- 18.7. Numerical models of bucking and the effects of different rheologies -- Fromulation of a mathematical model with application to the problem of viscous deformation -- Part 4. Regional associations of structures. 19. Development of structures at active plate margins. 19.1. Divergent margins on the continents: continental rifting -- 19.2. Divergent margins in ocean basins -- 19.3. Major strike-slip faults: transform faults and megashears -- 19.4. Convergent margins -- 19.5. Active collisions -- Structures of convergent and divergent strike-slip along the boundaries of the sierran microplate -- 20. Anatomy and tectonics of orogenic belts. 20.1. Intrduction -- 20.2. The foredeep or foreland basin -- 20.3. the external thrus complex: foreland fold and thrust belt, slate belt, ophiolites and sutures -- 20.4. The crystalline core zone: metamorphism -- 20.5. The crystalline core zone: structure and lithology -- 20.6. Extensional deformation and low-angle detachments -- 20.7. High-angle fault zones -- 20.8. Minor structures and strain in the interpretaiton of orogenic zone -- 20.9. Tectonics, topography and erosion -- 20.10. Tectonics and metamorphism -- 20.11. Simple models of orogenic deformation -- 20.12. A two-dimensional plate tectonic odel of orogeny -- 20.13. The "Wilson cycle" and plate tectonics -- 20.14. Terrane analysis -- Appendix 1. The orientation and representarion o structures. A1.1. The attitude of planes and lines -- A1.2. Graphical presentation of orientation data -- A1.3. Geologic maps -- A1.4. Cross sections: protrayal of structures in three dimensions -- Appendix 2. Geophysical techniques. A2.1. Seismic studies -- A2.2. Analysis of gravity anomalies -- A2.3. Geomagnetic studies -- Appendix 3. Units and constants. Basic SI (Système international; mks) Units -- Table of SI Multiples -- Other systems of units.
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