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|a 9781429205207
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|c WAA
|a WAA
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|a spa
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|a Stanley, Steven M.
|9 15243
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|a Earth system history /
|c Steven M. Stanley
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| 250 |
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|a 1st. pub.
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| 260 |
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|a New York :
|b W. H. Freeman,
|c 2009
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| 300 |
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|a 551 p. :
|b il., tbls., grafs., fot. ;
|c 28 cm.
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| 500 |
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|a Incluye índice analítico.
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| 505 |
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|a Part 1. Materials, processes and principles. 1. Earth as a System. Exploring the Earth system -- Earth is special -- The components of the system are interrelated -- The system is fragile -- The principle of actualism -- Catastrophism versus actualism in the nineteenth century -- The nature and origin of rocks -- Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks can form from one another -- Bodies of rock are classified into formal units -- steno's three principles concern sedimentary rocks -- The rock cycle relates all kinds of rocks to one another -- Global dating of the rock record -- Fossils and physical marker indicate relative ages of rocks -- Radioactive decay provides actual ages of rocks -- The geologic time scale divides Earth's history into formal units - Intervals of the geologic time scale are distinctive -- Imaging Earth below -- Earth's density increases with depth -- Solid plates of ithosphere move over the slushlike asthenosphere -- Plate tectonics -- Plates spread apart where they form,, slide past one another and eventually sink -- Heat from radioactive decay fires the engine of plate tectonics -- Plumes of magma rise into the crust from deep within the mantle -- Plate tectonics plays a role in the rock cycle -- The water cycle -- Water moves between reservoirs -- The water cycle and te rock cycle are inseparable -- Directional change in Earth's history -- Evolution reshapes life drastically and irreversible -- Physical and chemical feature of Earth have also changed -- Life and environments have changed in concert -- Episodic change in Earth's history -- Sedimentarion occurs in pulses -- Deposition can be catastrophic -- Unconformities represent large breaks in the rock record -- Life on Earth has experienced pulses of change -- 2. Rock-Forming Minerals and Rocks. Visual overwiew: rocks and their origins -- The structure of minerals -- An element consists of a unique kink of atom -- Isotopes of an eement have distinctive atomic weights -- Chemical reactions produce minerals -- Chemical reactions create chemical bonds -- Crystals have three-dimensional molecular structures -- Ions of an element can substitute for ions of another element -- The properties of minerals -- chemical bonds determine hardness -- The weight and packing of atoms determine density -- Fracture patterns reflect crystal structure -- Minerals and rocks form under particular physicochemical conditions -- A few families of minerals form most rocks -- Types of rocks -- Igneous rocks form when molten rock cools -- Sedimentary rocks form from particles that settle through water or air -- Metamorphic rocks forms from other rocks al high temperatures and pressures -- 3. The Diversity of Life. Visual overvies: The six kingdoms -- Fossils and chemical remains of ancient life -- Hard parts are the most commonly preserve features of animals -- Soft parts of animals are rarely preserved -- Permineralizaiton produces petrified wood -- Molds and impressions are imprints -- Trace fossils are records of movement -- The quality of the fossil record is highl variable -- Biomarkers are useful indicators of life -- Dead organism decay to form fossil fuels -- Taxonomic groups -- Identifying clades and their relationshps -- Archaea and bacteria: the two domains of prokaryotes -- Archaea tolerate hostile environments -- Bacteria include decomposers, cause of disease and polluters -- The protists: a kingdom consisting mainly of single-celled organisms -- The fungi: a kingdom of decomposeers -- Plants: multicellular photosynthesizers with tissues -- Seedless vascular plants came first -- Seed plants invaded dry land -- Animals -- Songes: a phylum of simple invertebrates -- Cnidarians: a phylum that includes the corals -- Lophotrochozoans include most kinds of animals that lack skeletons -- Ecdsozoans -- Deuterostomes include stafishes and their relatives as well as vertebrates -- 4.Environments and Life. The distribution of environments and life on Earth -- Principles of ecology -- A species niche is its position in the environment -- A community of organism and its environment form an ecosystem -- Biogeography concerns broad patterns of ocrrence -- The atmosphere -- Nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide constitute most of the atmosphere -- Tempertaure variations and Earth's rotation govern circulation in the atmosphere -- The terrestrial realm -- Vegetation patterns parallel climatic zones -- Climates change with elevation -- Land and water influence seasonal temperature change -- Fossil plants reflect ancient climatic conditions -- The marine realm -- Winds drive ocean currents -- Marine life varies with water depth -- Marine life floats, swims or occupies the seafloor -- Water temperature influences biogeographic patterns -- Salinity is an important limiting factor near shore -- Freshwater envoronments -- 5. Sedimentary Environments. Depositional environments and accumulation of sediments -- Nonmarine environments -- Ancient soils can point to past climatic conditions - Freshwater lakes and glaciers leave clues to ancient climates -- Deserts and ard basins accumulates salt and sand -- Braided and meandering rivers deposit sediment in moist regions -- Marginal marine and open-shelf -- Environments -- A delta forms where a river meets the sea -- Lagoons lie behind barrier islands of sand -- Open-shelf deposits include tempestites -- Fossils serve as indicators of marine environments -- Organic reefs are bodies of carbonate rock -- Carbonate platforms form in warm seas -- Deep-sea environments -- Turbidites flow down submarine slopes -- Pelagic sediments are fine-graines and accumulate slowly -- 6. Correlation and Dating of the Rock Record. Methods of stratigraphic correlation -- The geologic time scale -- Fossil succession reveals the relative ages of rocks -- Geologic systems were founded in the ninteenth century -- Stratigraphic units -- The rock record is divided into time-rock units and geologic time into time units -- Biostratigraphic units are based on fossil occurrences -- Magnetic stratigraphy identifies polarity time-rock units -- Rock units are fefined by lithology, not age -- Earth's absolute age -- Early geoligists underestimated Earth's antiquity -- Radioactive decay rovides absolute ages of rocks -- Fossils often provide more accurate correlation than isotopic dating -- Changes in stable isotopes permit global correlation -- Event stratigraphy -- Marker beds allow correlation over wide areas -- Back-and-forth shifting of facies boundaries creates marker beds -- Unconformities can be detected by seismic stratigraphy -- Sequences record vhanges in sea level -- Changes in Earth's rotation create-geologic clocks -- 7. Evolution and the Fossil Record. The evolution of life -- Adaptations - Charles Darwin's contribution -- The voyage of the Beagle provided geographic evidence -- Darwin's anatomical evidence sas broadly based -- Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution -- Genes, DNA and chromosomes s-- Regulatory genes and patterns of development - Populations, species and speciation -- Horizontal gene transfer -- Rates of origination -- The molecular clock and times of origination -- Evolutionary convergence -- Extinction -- Rates of extinction vary gratly -- a mass extinction is occurring today -- Evolutionary trands -- Animals tend to evolve toward larger body size -- Evolutionary trends -- Animals tend to evolve toward larger body size -- Evolutionary trends can be simple or complex -- Evolution is irreversible -- 8. The Theory of Plate Tectonics. Elements of plate tectonics -- The history of continental drift theory -- Some early observations were misinterpreted -- Alfred Wegeneer was a twentieth-century pioneer -- Alexander Du Toit focused on the Gondwana seqence -- Continental drift was widely rejected -- Paleonmagnetism shwed puzzling patterns - The rise of plate tectonics -- Seafloor spreading explaines many phenomena -- Paleomagnetism provided a definitive test - Faulting and volcanism along plate voundaries -- Oceanic crust forms along mid-ocean ridges -- Transform fults offset mid-ocean ridges -- Lithorphere is subducted along deep-sea trenches -- Plate movements -- Plates move for four reasons -- Free slabs sink deep into the mantle -- Plate movements are measurable -- 9. Continental Tectonics and Mountain Chains. Formatio and deformation of continental margins -- The rifting of continents -- Hot spots give rise to three-armed rifts -- Rift valleys form wen continental breakup begins - Rifting creates passive margins - Bending and flowing of rocks -- Mountain building -- Continental collision produces orogenies -- Orogenies can occur without continental collision -- Mountain belts have a characteristic structure -- Compressive forces cause deformation -- The weight of a mountain belt creates a foreland basin -- The Andes exempligy mountain building without continental collision -- The Pyrenees exemplify mountain building by continental collision -- Suturing of small landsmasses to continents -- Tectonics of continental interiors -- 10. Major Geochemical Cycles. Key chemical cycles in Earth sysem history -- Chemical reservoirs -- Fluxes are rates of mvement between reservoirs - Feedbacks affect fluxes -- Carbon dioxide, oxygen and biological rocesses -- Plants employ a photosynthesis-resiration cycle -- Phtosynthesis produces tissue growth -- Respiration releases energy -- Decomposers employ respiration -- burial of plant debris alters atmospheric chemistry -- Marine cycles resemble terrestrial cycles -- Use of carbon isotopes to study global chemical cycles -- Carbon isotopes record the cycling of organic carbon -- Isotope ratios in limestones and deep-sea sediments record changes in rates of carbon burial -- Carbon and sulfur vurial enlarges the atmosphere's oxygen reservoir -- Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by wathering and ends up in imestone -- Changes in rates of wathering affect th
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