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|a Reece, Jane B.
|9 14189
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| 245 |
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|a Biology /
|c Jane B. Reece
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| 250 |
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|a 9th ed.
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| 260 |
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|a Boston :
|b Pearson,
|c 2011
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| 300 |
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|a 1309 p. :
|b il., tbls., grafs., fot. ;
|c 26 cm.
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| 500 |
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|a Incluye glosario, bibliografía e índice analítico
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| 505 |
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|a Introduction. Themes in the study of life -- Inquiring About Life -- 1.1. The themes of this book make connections across different areas of biology -- New Properties Emerge at Each level in the biological hierarchy -- Organism interact with other organisms and the physical enviromente -- Life Requires energy Transfer and Transformation -- Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biologicas organitation -- The cell is an organim's basic unit of structure and function -- The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA -- Feedback mechanisms regulate systems -- Evolution. the overarching theme of biology -- 1.2. -- The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life -- Classifying the Diversity of Life -- Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection -- The Tree of Life -- 1.3. In studying nature, scientists make observations and form and test hypotheses -- Making Observation -- Forming and Testing Hypotheses -- The Flexibility of the Scientific method -- A Case Study in Scientific Inquiry: Investigating Mimicry in Snake populations -- Theories in Science -- 1.4. Science benefits from a cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints -- Building on the Work of Others -- Science, Technology, and Society -- The Value of Diverse Viewpoints in Science -- UNIT 1 The chemisty of life / Lydia Makhubu -- 2. The chemical context of life -- A Chemical Connection to Biology -- 2.1. Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds -- The Elements of Life -- Case Study: Evolution of Tolerance to Toxic Elements -- 2.2. An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms -- Subatomic Particles -- Atomic Number and Atomic Mass -- Isotopes -- The Energy Levels of Electrons -- Electron Distribution and Chemical Properties -- Electron Orbitals -- 2.3. The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms -- Covalent Bonds -- Ionic Bonds -- Weak Chemical Interactions -- Molecular Shape and Function -- 2.4. Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds -- 3. Water and Life -- The Molecule That Supports All of Life -- 3.1. Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding -- 3.2. Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth’s suitability for life -- Cohesion of Water Molecules -- Moderation of Temperature by Water -- Floating of Ice on Liquid Water -- Water: The Solvent of Life -- Possible Evolution of Life on Other Planets -- 3.3. Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms -- Acids and Bases -- The pH Scale -- Buffers -- Acidification: A Threat to Our Oceans -- 4. Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life -- Carbon: The Backbone of Life -- 4.1. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds -- Organic Molecules and the Origin of Life on Earth -- 4.2. Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms -- The Formation of Bonds with Carbon -- Molecular Diversity Arising from Variation in Carbon Skeletons -- 4.3. A few chemical groups are key to functioning of biological molecules -- The Chemical Groups Most Important in the Processes of Life -- ATP: An Important Source of Energy for Cellular Processes -- The Chemical Elements of Life: A Review -- 5. The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules -- The Molecules of Life -- 5.1. Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers -- The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers -- The Diversity of Polymers -- 5.2. Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material -- Sugars -- Polysaccharides -- 5.3. Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules -- Fats -- Phospholipids -- Steroids -- 5.4. Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions -- Amino Acid Monomers -- Polypeptides (Amino Acid Polymers) -- Protein Structure and Function -- 5.5. Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information -- The Roles of Nucleic Acids -- The Components of Nucleic Acids -- Nucleotide Polymers -- The Structures of DNA and RNA Molecules -- DNA and Proteins as Tape Measures of Evolution -- Unit 2. The cel / Paul Nurse. 6. A Tour of the Cell -- The Fundamental Units of Life -- 6.1. Biologists use microscopes and biochemistry to study cells -- Microscopy -- Cell Fractionation --
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|a Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions -- Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells -- A Panoramic View of the Eukaryotic Cell -- The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes -- The Nucleus: Information Central -- Ribosomes: Protein Factories -- The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions -- The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic Factory -- The Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and Receiving Center -- Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments -- Vacuoles: Diverse Maintenance Compartments -- The Endomembrane System -- Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another -- The Evolutionary Origins of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts -- Mitochondria: Chemical Energy Conversion -- Chloroplasts: Capture of Light Energy -- Peroxisomes: Oxidation -- The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell -- Roles of the Cytoskeleton: Support and Motility -- Components of the Cytoskeleton -- Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities -- Cell Walls of Plants -- The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells -- Cell Junctions -- A cell is greater than the sum of its parts -- Membrane Structure and Function -- Life at the Edge -- Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins -- The Fluidity of Membranes -- Evolution of Differences in Membrane Lipid Composition -- Membrane Proteins and Their Functions -- The Role of Membrane Carbohydrates in Cell-Cell Recognition -- Synthesis and Sidedness of Membranes -- Membrane structure results in selective permeability -- The Permeability of the Lipid Bilayer -- Transport Proteins -- Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment -- Effects of Osmosis on Water Balance -- Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport Aided by Proteins -- Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients -- The Need for Energy in Active Transport -- How Ion Pumps Maintain Membrane Potential -- Cotransport: Coupled Transport by a Membrane Protein -- Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis -- Exocytosis -- Endocytosis -- An Introduction to Metabolism -- The Energy of Life -- An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics -- Organization of the Chemistry of Life into Metabolic Pathways -- Forms of Energy -- The Laws of Energy Transformation -- The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously -- Free-Energy Change -- Free Energy, Stability, and Equilibrium -- Free Energy and Metabolism -- ATP powers cellular wor by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions -- The Structure and Hydrolysis of ATP -- How the Hydrolysis of ATP Performs Work -- The Regeneration of ATP -- Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers -- The Activation Energy Barrier -- How Enzymes Speed Up Reactions -- Substrate Specificity of Enzymes -- Catalysis in the Enzyme’s Active Site -- Effects of Local Conditions on Enzyme Activity -- The Evolution of Enzymes -- Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism -- Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes -- Localization of Enzymes Within the Cell -- Cellular Respiration and Fermentation -- Life Is Work -- Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels -- Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP -- Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction -- The Stages of Cellular Respiration -- Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate -- After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules -- Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA -- The Citric Acid Cycle -- During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis -- The Pathway of Electron Transport -- Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism -- An Accounting of ATP Production by Cellular Respiration -- Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen -- Types of Fermentation -- Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration -- The Evolutionary Significance of Glycolysis -- Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways -- The Versatility of Catabolism -- Biosynthesis (Anabolic Pathways) -- Regulation of Cellular Respiration via Feedback Mechanisms -- The Process That Feeds the Biosphere -- Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food -- Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis in Plants -- Tracking Atoms Through Photosynthesis: Scientific Inquiry -- The Two Stages of Photosynthesis -- The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH -- The Nature of Sunlight -- Photosynthetic Pigments: The Light Receptors -- Excitation of Chlorophyll by Light -- A Photosystem: A Reaction-Center Complex Associated with Light-Harvesting Complexes -- Linear Electron Flow -- Cyclic Electron Flow -- A Comparison of Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria -- The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO to sugar -- Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have evolved in hot, arid climates -- Photorespiration: An Evolutionary Relic? -- Plants -- CAM Plants -- Life depends on photosynthesis -- The Importance of Photosynthesis -- Cell Communication -- Cellular Messaging -- External signals are converted to responses within the cell -- Evolution of Cell Signaling -- Local and Long-Distance Signaling -- The Three Stages of Cell Signaling -- Reception: A signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape -- Receptors in the Plasma Membrane -- Intracellular Receptors -- Transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell -- Signal Transduction Pathways -- Protein Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation -- Small Molecules and Ions as Second Messengers -- Response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities -- Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Responses -- Fine-Turning of the respose -- Apoptosis integrates multiple cell-signaling pathways -- Apoptosis in the Soil Worm Caenorhabditis elegans -- Apoptotic Pathways and the Signals That Trigger Them -- The Cell Cycle -- The key Roles of Cell Division -- Most cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells -- Cellular Organization of the Genetic Material -- Distribution of Chromosomes During Eukaryotic Cell Division -- The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle -- Phases of the Cell Cycle -- The Mitotic Spindle: A Closer Look Cytokinesis -- Binary Fission in Bacteria -- The Evolution of Mitosis -- The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system -- The Cell Cycle Control System -- Loss of Cell Cycle Controls in Cancer Cells -- Genetic / Joan A. Steitz -- Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles -- Variations on a Theme -- Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes -- Inheritance of Genes -- Comparison of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction -- Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles -- Sets of Chromosomes in Human Cells -- Behavior of Chromosome Sets in the Human Life Cycle -- The Variety of Sexual Life Cycles -- Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid -- The Stages of Meiosis -- A Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis -- Genetic variation produced in sex life cycles contributes to evolution -- Origins of Genetic Variation Among Offspring -- The Evolutionary Significance of Genetic Variation Within Populations -- Mendel and the Gene Idea -- Drawing from the Deck of Genes -- Mendel’s Experimental, Quantitative Approach -- The Law of Segregation -- The Law of Independent Assortment -- The law ofProbability govern Mendelian inheritance -- The Multiplication and Addition Rules Applied to Monohybrid Crosses -- Solving Complex Genetics Problems with the Rules of Probability -- Inheritance patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple Mendelian genetics -- Extending Mendelian Genetics for a Single Gene -- Extending Mendelian Genetics for Two or More Genes -- Nature and Nurture: The environmental Impact on Phenotype -- Integrating a Mendelian View of Heredity and Variation -- Many human traits follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance -- Pedigree Analysis -- Recessively Inherited Disorders -- Dominantly Inherited Disorders -- Multifactorial Disorders -- Genetic Testing and Counseling -- The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance -- Locating Genes Along Chromosomes -- Morgan showed that Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes -- Morgan’s Choice of Experimental Organism: scientific inquiry -- Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance -- The Chromosomal Basis of Sex -- Inheritance of X-Linked Genes -- X Inactivation in Female Mammals -- Linked genes tend to be inherited together because the kare located near each other on the same chromosome -- How Linkage Affects Inheritance -- Genetic Recombination and Linkage -- Mapping the Distance Between Genes Using Recombination Data: Scientific Inquiry -- Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause some genetic disorders -- Abnormal Chromosome Number -- Alterations of Chromosome Structure -- Human Disorders Due to Chromosomal Alterations -- Some inheritance patterns are exceptions to standard Mendelian inheritance -- Genomic Imprinting -- Inheritance of Organelle Genes -- The Molecular Basis of Inheritance -- Life’s Operating Instructions -- DNA is the genetic material -- The Search for the Genetic Material: Scientific Inquiry -- Building a Structural Model of DNA: Scientific Inquiry -- Many proteins work together in DNA replication and repair -- The Basi
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