numerical model 6 rheology 6 subduction zone 6 viscoplasticity Andean orogeny 4 Andes 4 Deformation 4 Erosion 4 Finite elements 4 Isostasy 4 South America 4 Viscoplastic rheology 4 crustal deformation 4 deformation 4 erosion 4 finite element method 4 flexure 4 isostasy 4 lithosphere 4 plate tectonics 4 Blocking temperature 2 Force balances 2 Kinetics 2 Kinetics models 2 Latent heat 2 Latent heat release 2 Mantle transition zone 2 Mariana Trench 2 Marianas 2 Metastable olivine 2