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Binding energy
Ionization
2
Atoms
1
Charged particles
1
Classical approximation
1
Dielectric formalism
1
Dirac equations
1
Electrons
1
Energy thresholds
1
Highly charged ions
1
Impact ionization
1
Inner-shell ionization
1
Ionization of gases
1
Ionized electrons
1
Ions
1
L-shell ionization
1
Lead
1
Linear equations
1
Multiple ionization
1
Positron impacts
1
Positrons
1
Response model
1
Shell ionization
1
Shells (structures)
1
Simple expression
1
Single ionization
1
Theoretical study
1
Wave functions
1
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1
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2