Control mechanismus of the ilo commissions of inquiry old cases with value for present and future
It should be noted that the system of complaints was only applied in 1961, and that later several Commissions of Inquiry were carried out which, as we shall see, have been constituted in a considerable number, and so we omit to mention them here, such as those carried out in Von Potobsky Geraldo and...
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Facultad de Derecho
2011
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| Acceso en línea: | https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/refade/article/view/6290 |
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International Labour Organization Organización Internacional del Trabajo |
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International Labour Organization Organización Internacional del Trabajo Mirolo, René R. Control mechanismus of the ilo commissions of inquiry old cases with value for present and future |
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International Labour Organization Organización Internacional del Trabajo |
| author |
Mirolo, René R. |
| author_facet |
Mirolo, René R. |
| author_sort |
Mirolo, René R. |
| title |
Control mechanismus of the ilo commissions of inquiry old cases with value for present and future |
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Control mechanismus of the ilo commissions of inquiry old cases with value for present and future |
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Control mechanismus of the ilo commissions of inquiry old cases with value for present and future |
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Control mechanismus of the ilo commissions of inquiry old cases with value for present and future |
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Control mechanismus of the ilo commissions of inquiry old cases with value for present and future |
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control mechanismus of the ilo commissions of inquiry old cases with value for present and future |
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It should be noted that the system of complaints was only applied in 1961, and that later several Commissions of Inquiry were carried out which, as we shall see, have been constituted in a considerable number, and so we omit to mention them here, such as those carried out in Von Potobsky Geraldo and Héctor Bartolomei de la Cruz, La organización Internacional del Trabajo, Ed Astrea 1990 pp. 115/117. Nationals and Foreigners. Internship and functions carried out in the ILO in different Universities of the city. It should be remembered that despite the importance that the authors of the ILO Constitution had accorded to the complaints procedure, it was practically not used during the first forty years since its creation in 1919. As Valticos teaches, it was used for the first time in the case of the Ghanaian Government's complaint concerning Portugal's application of the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (No. 105) in its African territories. In 1968 this procedure was used in connection with Conventions 87 and 98 by the military government that had assumed power in Greece. In 1974 for the observance in Chile of the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1957 (No. 111). Subsequently, the procedure was also applied on several occasions, and finally in 1990, which gave rise to this commentary on the Commission of Inquiry to examine the complaint concerning Nicaragua under the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87); the Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98); and the Tripartite Consultation (International Labour Standards) Convention, 1976 (No. 144). It is true that the commissions of enquiry that followed one another over time have been very numerous because this procedure, which is larger than the others, is used as the ultima ratio after previous instances have been exhausted (direct contacts, etc.). It is also worth valuing the cost to the ILO of the integration of these commissions, usually jurists from different countries, as well as fees and expenses for travel that often must be reiterated. And in spite of the results obtained, they were very positive and for this reason the system is fully valid to this day. It seems obvious, but it is useful that in order to achieve compliance with legal rules and also morals, it is essential to establish a control over them as a way to ensure compliance. If there is a lack of sufficient control systems or if they produce discrimination or situations of inequality among the addressees, or if they are inefficient, it is not possible to admit that the normative or moral precepts are complied with. Indisputably, the due control is directed to the fulfillment of the juridical or moral norms to avoid the sanctions, that although in the International Labor Law they do not have imperative, the nonobservances of obligations also produce or provoke sanctioning forms. It is unquestionable that without these it would not be possible to speak of coactivity of the law, since the essence of coactivity consists in the possibility of applying a sanction, a possibility that represents a spiritual force, a psychic pressure, a threat that must motivate the fulfillment of the right and that when it is ineffective is put into practice, applying the sanctions to restore the disturbed order. However, moral sanctions often have greater vigour and exemplary transcendence than the imperative of laws. This is precisely the system adopted by the ILO, after exhausting, in the face of a conflict, through persuasion, the understanding to avoid the application of the sanctioning regime. Therefore, it has been considered of interest for the application of the procedure of the same to be carried out in the future. |
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Facultad de Derecho |
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2011 |
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https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/refade/article/view/6290 |
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I10-R353-article-62902019-03-27T13:38:16Z Control mechanismus of the ilo commissions of inquiry old cases with value for present and future Mecanismos de control de la OIT . Las comisiones de encuesta. Antiguos casos de valor de presente y de futuro Mirolo, René R. International Labour Organization Organización Internacional del Trabajo It should be noted that the system of complaints was only applied in 1961, and that later several Commissions of Inquiry were carried out which, as we shall see, have been constituted in a considerable number, and so we omit to mention them here, such as those carried out in Von Potobsky Geraldo and Héctor Bartolomei de la Cruz, La organización Internacional del Trabajo, Ed Astrea 1990 pp. 115/117. Nationals and Foreigners. Internship and functions carried out in the ILO in different Universities of the city. It should be remembered that despite the importance that the authors of the ILO Constitution had accorded to the complaints procedure, it was practically not used during the first forty years since its creation in 1919. As Valticos teaches, it was used for the first time in the case of the Ghanaian Government's complaint concerning Portugal's application of the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (No. 105) in its African territories. In 1968 this procedure was used in connection with Conventions 87 and 98 by the military government that had assumed power in Greece. In 1974 for the observance in Chile of the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1957 (No. 111). Subsequently, the procedure was also applied on several occasions, and finally in 1990, which gave rise to this commentary on the Commission of Inquiry to examine the complaint concerning Nicaragua under the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87); the Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98); and the Tripartite Consultation (International Labour Standards) Convention, 1976 (No. 144). It is true that the commissions of enquiry that followed one another over time have been very numerous because this procedure, which is larger than the others, is used as the ultima ratio after previous instances have been exhausted (direct contacts, etc.). It is also worth valuing the cost to the ILO of the integration of these commissions, usually jurists from different countries, as well as fees and expenses for travel that often must be reiterated. And in spite of the results obtained, they were very positive and for this reason the system is fully valid to this day. It seems obvious, but it is useful that in order to achieve compliance with legal rules and also morals, it is essential to establish a control over them as a way to ensure compliance. If there is a lack of sufficient control systems or if they produce discrimination or situations of inequality among the addressees, or if they are inefficient, it is not possible to admit that the normative or moral precepts are complied with. Indisputably, the due control is directed to the fulfillment of the juridical or moral norms to avoid the sanctions, that although in the International Labor Law they do not have imperative, the nonobservances of obligations also produce or provoke sanctioning forms. It is unquestionable that without these it would not be possible to speak of coactivity of the law, since the essence of coactivity consists in the possibility of applying a sanction, a possibility that represents a spiritual force, a psychic pressure, a threat that must motivate the fulfillment of the right and that when it is ineffective is put into practice, applying the sanctions to restore the disturbed order. However, moral sanctions often have greater vigour and exemplary transcendence than the imperative of laws. This is precisely the system adopted by the ILO, after exhausting, in the face of a conflict, through persuasion, the understanding to avoid the application of the sanctioning regime. Therefore, it has been considered of interest for the application of the procedure of the same to be carried out in the future. Es de hacer presente que el sistema de queja se aplicó recién en el año 1961, y que con posterioridad se realizaron varias Comisiones de Encuestas que según veremos se han constituido en un número bastante considerable por lo que omitimos mencionarlas aquí, pudiendo verse las realizadas en Von Potobsky Geraldo y Héctor Bartolomei de la Cruz, La organización Internacional del Trabajo, Ed Astrea 1990 pp. 115/117. Nacionales y Extranjeros. Pasantía y funciones realizadas en la OIT en distintas Universidades de la ciudad. Es de recordar que a pesar de la importancia que los autores de la Constitución de la OIT le habían acordado al procedimiento de quejas, prácticamente no se utilizó durante los primeros cuarenta años desde su creación en 1919. Como lo enseña Valticos, se recurrió por primera vez en el caso de la queja presentada por el Gobierno de Ghana, respecto a la aplicación por Portugal del Convenio sobre la abolición del trabajo forzoso (num. 105), en sus territorios africanos. En 1968 este procedimiento fue utilizado a propósito de los Convenios 87 y 98 por el gobierno militar que había asumido el poder en Grecia. En 1974 por la observancia en Chile del Convenio sobre la discriminación (empleo y ocupación, 1957 (num.111)). Luego también se aplicó el procedimiento en diversas oportunidades y por último en 1990, el que da origen al presente comentario sobre la Comisión de Encuesta para examinar la queja respecto de Nicaragua del Convenio sobre la libertad sindical y la protección del derecho de sindicación, 1948 (num. 87); del Convenio sobre el derecho de sindicación y negociación colectiva, 1949 (num. 98), y del Convenio sobre la Consulta tripartita (normas internacionales del trabajo, 1976 en (num. 144). Si bien es cierto que las comisiones de encuestas que se sucedieron en el tiempo han sido muy numerosas lo es porque este procedimiento, que es de mayor envergadura que los demás, es utilizado como ultima ratio luego de haber sido agotadas instancias previas (contactos directos, etcétera). También es de valorar la onerosidad que significa para la OIT la integración de dichas comisiones, normalmente de juristas de distintos países, como así también, honorarios y erogaciones por viajes que muchas veces se deben reiterar. Y a pesar de los resultados obtenidos fueron muy positivos y por tal motivo el sistema tiene plena vigencia hasta la actualidad. Parece una obviedad, pero resulta útil que a los fines de lograr el cumplimiento de las normas jurídicas y también las morales, es indispensable establecer un control sobre las mismas como modo de asegurar así su cumplimiento. Si se carece de sistemas de control suficientes o si produjeran discriminaciones o situaciones de desigualdad entre los destinatarios, o resultan ineficientes, no es posible admitir que los preceptos normativos o morales sean cumplidos. Indiscutiblemente, el debido control esta dirigido al cumplimiento de las normas jurídicas o morales para evitar así las sanciones, que si bien en el Derecho Internacional del Trabajo no tienen imperatividad, las inobservancias de obligaciones también producen o provocan formas sancionadoras. Es incuestionable que sin éstas no podría hablarse de coactividad del derecho, pues la esencia de la coactividad consiste en la posibilidad de aplicar una sanción, posibilidad que representa una fuerza espiritual, una presión psíquica, una amenaza que debe motivar el cumplimiento del derecho y que cuando resulta ineficaz se lleva a la práctica, aplicándose las sanciones para restaurar el orden perturbado. Ahora bien, muchas veces las sanciones morales tienen mayor vigor y trascendencia ejemplarizadora que la imperatividad de las leyes. Éste es precisamente el sistema adoptado por la OIT, previo agotar ante un conflicto, por intermedio de la persuasión, el entendimiento para evitar la aplicación del régimen sancionatorio. Por lo que se ha considerado de interés para la aplicación del procedimiento de las mismas a realizarse en el futuro. Facultad de Derecho 2011-11-16 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/refade/article/view/6290 Revista de la Facultad de Derecho; Vol. 2 Núm. 2 (2011): Nueva Serie II 2314-3061 1850-9371 spa https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/refade/article/view/6290/7376 Derechos de autor 2011 Facultad de Derecho. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba |