Geochemistry : pathways and processes /

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor principal: McSween, Harry Y.
Otros Autores: Richardson, Steven M., Uhle, Maria E.
Formato: Desconocido
Lenguaje:Español
Publicado: New York : Columbia University Press, 2003
Edición:2nd ed.
Materias:
Geología
Geoquímica
Aporte de:Registro referencial: Solicitar el recurso aquí
Bibliotecas (UNRN) de Universidad Nacional de Río Negro
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • 1. INTRODUCING CONCEPTS IN GEOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS. What Is Geochemistry?
  • Historical Overview
  • Beginning Your Study of Geochemistry
  • Geochemical Variables
  • Geochemical Systems
  • Thermodynamics and Kinetics
  • An Example: Comparing Thermodynamic and Kinetic Approaches
  • Notes on Problem Solving
  • 2. HOW ELEMENTS BEHAVE. Elements, Atoms, and the Structure of Matter
  • Elements and the Periodic Table
  • The Atomic Nucleus and Isotopes
  • The Basis for Chemical Bonds: The Electron Cloud
  • Size, Charge, and Stability
  • Elemental Associations
  • Bonding
  • Perspectives on Bonding
  • Structural Implications of Bonding
  • Retrospective on Bonding
  • 3. A FIRST LOOK AT THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM. Temperature and Equations of State
  • Work
  • The First Law of Thermodynamics
  • Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
  • Entropy and Disorder
  • Reprise: The Internal Energy Function Made Useful
  • Auxiliary Functions of State
  • Enthalpy
  • The Helmholtz Function
  • Gibbs Free Energy
  • Cleaning Up the Act: Conventions for E, H, F, G, and S
  • Composition as a Variable
  • Components
  • Changes in E, H, F, and G Due to Composition
  • Conditions for Heterogeneous Equilibrium
  • The Gibbs-Duhem Equation
  • 4. HOW TO HANDLE SOLUTIONS. What Is a Solution?
  • Crystalline Solid Solutions
  • Amorphous Solid Solutions
  • Melt Solutions
  • Electrolyte Solutions
  • Gas Mixtures
  • Solutions That Behave Ideally
  • Solutions That Behave Nonideally
  • Activity in Electrolyte Solutions
  • The Mean Salt Method
  • The Debye-Hückel Method
  • Solubility
  • The Ionic Strength Effect
  • The Common Ion Effect
  • Complex Species
  • 5. DIAGENESIS: A STUDY IN KINETICS. What Is Diagenesis?
  • Kinetic Factors in Diagenesis
  • Diffusion
  • Advection
  • Kinetics of Mineral Dissolution and Precipitation
  • The Diagenetic Equation – 6. ORGANIC MATTER AND BIOMARKERS: A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE. Organic Matter in the Global Carbon Cycle
  • Organic Matter Production and Cycling in the Oceans
  • Fate of Primary Production: Degradation and Diagenesis
  • Factors Controlling Accumulation and Preservation
  • Preservation by Sorption
  • Degradation in Oxic Environments
  • Diagenetic Alteration
  • Chemical Composition of Biologic Precursors
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Lignin
  • Biomarkers
  • Application of Biomarkers to Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions
  • Alkenone Temperature Records
  • Amino Acid Racemization
  • 7. CHEMICAL WEATHERING: DISSOLUTION AND REDOX PROCESSES. Fundamental Solubility Equilibria
  • Silica Solubility
  • Solubility of Magnesian Silicates
  • Solubility of Gibbsite
  • Solubility of Aluminosilicate Minerals
  • Rivers as Weathering Indicators
  • Agents of Weathering
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Organic Acids
  • Oxidation-Reduction Processes
  • Thermodynamic Conventions for Redox Systems
  • Eh-pH Diagrams
  • Redox Systems Containing Carbon Dioxide
  • Activity-Activity Relationships: The Broader View – 8.THE OCEANS AND ATMOSPHERE AS A GEOCHEMICAL SYSTEM. Composition of the Oceans
  • A Classification of Dissolved Constituents
  • Chemical Variations with Depth
  • Composition of the Atmosphere
  • Carbonate and the Great Marine Balancing Act
  • Some First Principles
  • Calcium Carbonate Solubility
  • Chemical Modeling of Seawater: A Summary
  • Global Mass Balance and Steady State in the Oceans
  • Examining the Steady State
  • How Does the Steady State Evolve?
  • Box Models
  • Continuum Models
  • A Summary of Ocean-Atmosphere Models
  • Gradual Change: The History of Seawater and Air
  • Early Outgassing and the Primitive Atmosphere
  • The Rise of Oxygen
  • 9. TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE CHANGES: THERMODYNAMICS AGAIN. What Does Equilibrium Really Mean?
  • Determining When a System Is in Equilibrium
  • The Phase Rule
  • Open versus Closed Systems
  • Changing Temperature and Pressure
  • Temperature Changes and Heat Capacity
  • Pressure Changes and Compressibility
  • Temperature and Pressure Changes Combined
  • A Graphical Look at Changing Conditions: The Clapeyron Equation
  • Reactions Involving Fluids
  • Raoult’s and Henry’s Laws: Mixing of Several Components
  • Standard States and Activity Coefficients
  • Solution Models: Activities of Complex Mixtures
  • Thermobarometry: Applying What We Have Learned – 10. PICTURING EQUILIBRIA: PHASE DIAGRAMS. G ¯-X2 Diagrams
  • Derivation of T-X2 and P-X2 Diagrams
  • T-X2 Diagrams for Real Geochemical Systems
  • Simple Crystallization in a Binary System: CaMgSi2O6-CaAl2Si2O8
  • Formation of a Chemical Compound in a Binary System: KAlSi2O6-SiO2
  • Solid Solution in a Binary System: NaAlSi3O8- CaAl2Si2O8
  • Unmixing in a Binary System: NaAlSi3O8-KAlSi3O8
  • Thermodynamic Calculation of Phase Diagrams
  • Binary Phase Diagrams Involving Fluids
  • P-T Diagrams
  • Systems with Three Components
  • 11. KINETICS AND CRYSTALLIZATION. Effect of Temperature on Kinetic Processes
  • Diffusion
  • Nucleation
  • Nucleation in Melts
  • Nucleation in Solids
  • Growth
  • Interface-Controlled Growth
  • Diffusion-Controlled Growth
  • Some Applications of Kinetics
  • Aragonite Calcite: Growth as the Rate-Limiting Step
  • Iron Meteorites: Diffusion as the Rate-Limiting Step
  • Bypassing Theory: Controlled Cooling Rate Experiments
  • Bypassing Theory Again: Crystal Size Distributions – 12. THE SOLID EARTH AS A GEOCHEMICAL SYSTEM. Reservoirs in the Solid Earth
  • Composition of the Crust
  • Composition of the Mantle
  • Composition of the Core
  • Fluxes in the Solid Earth
  • Cycling between Crust and Mantle
  • Heat Exchange between Mantle and Core
  • Fluids and the Irreversible Formation of Continental Crust
  • Melting in the Mantle
  • Thermodynamic Effects of Melting
  • Types of Melting Behavior
  • Causes of Melting
  • Differentiation in Melt-Crystal Systems
  • Fractional Crystallization
  • Chemical Variation Diagrams
  • Liquid Immiscibility
  • The Behavior of Trace Elements
  • Trace Element Fractionation during Melting and Crystallization
  • Compatible and Incompatible Elements
  • Volatile Elements
  • Crust and Mantle Fluid Compositions
  • Mantle and Crust Reservoirs for Fluids
  • Cycling of Fluids between Crust and Mantle
  • 13. USING STABLE ISOTOPES. Historical Perspective - What Makes Stable Isotopes Useful?
  • Mass Fractionation and Bond Strength
  • Geologic Interpretations Based on Isotopic Fractionation
  • Thermometry
  • Isotopic Evolution of the Oceans
  • Fractionation in the Hydrologic Cycle
  • Fractionation in Geothermal and Hydrothermal Systems
  • Fractionation in Sedimentary Basins
  • Fractionation among Biogenic Compounds
  • Isotopic Fractionation around Marine Oil and Gas Seeps
  • 14. USING RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES. Principles of Radioactivity
  • Nuclide Stability
  • Decay Mechanisms
  • Rate of Radioactive Decay
  • Decay Series and Secular Equilibrium
  • Geochronology
  • Potassium-Argon System
  • Rubidium-Strontium System
  • Samarium-Neodymium System
  • Uranium-Thorium-Lead System
  • Extinct Radionuclides
  • Fission Tracks
  • Geochemical Applications of Induced Radioactivity
  • Neutron Activation Analysis
  • 40Argon-39Argon Geochronology
  • Cosmic-Ray Exposure
  • Radionuclides as Tracers of Geochemical Processes
  • Heterogeneity of the Earth’s Mantle
  • Magmatic Assimilation
  • Subduction of Sediments
  • Isotopic Composition of the Oceans
  • Degassing of the Earth’s Interior to Form the Atmosphere
  • 15. STRETCHING OUR HORIZONS: COSMOCHEMISTRY. Why Study Cosmochemistry?
  • Origin and Abundance of the Elements
  • Nucleosynthesis in Stars
  • Cosmic Abundance Patterns
  • Chondrites as Sources of Cosmochemical Data
  • Cosmochemical Behavior of Elements
  • Controls on Cosmochemical Behavior
  • Chemical Fractionations Observed in Chondrites
  • Condensation of the Elements
  • How Equilibrium Condensation Works
  • The Condensation Sequence
  • Evidence for Condensation in Chondrites
  • Infusion of Matter from Outside the Solar System
  • Isotopic Diversity in Meteorites
  • A Supernova Trigger?
  • The Discovery of Stardust in Chondrites
  • The Most Volatile Materials: Organic Compounds and Ices
  • Extraterrestrial Organic Compounds
  • Ices—The Only Thing Left
  • A Time Scale for Creation
  • Estimating the Bulk Compositions of Planets
  • Some Constraints on Cosmochemical Models
  • The Equilibrium Condensation Model
  • The Heterogeneous Accretion Model
  • The Chondrite Mixing Model
  • Planetary Models: Cores and Mantles – Appendix A: Mathematical Methods
  • Appendix B: Finding and Evaluating Geochemical Data
  • Appendix C: Numerical Values of Geochemical Interest.

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